Introduction to catalysis chemistry

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Reaction Energy and Reaction Kinetics
Advertisements

Mr. Azizullah Fazaia Degree college, Peshawar. To teach the students the chemical processes which takes place in the presence of a catalyst.
Rate Of Reaction & Catalysts
Chemsheets AS006 (Electron arrangement)
Chemical Kinetics Expression of rates.
“ !” completely different mechanisms. catalysis: the process by which a catalyst changes the rate and mechanism of a chemical reaction -- a catalyst is…
Kinetics - Catalyst Definition of Catalyst + A substance that alters the reaction rate of a particular chemical reaction + chemically unchanged at the.
CHBE 452 Lecture 27 Catalysis I 1. Importance Of Catalysis 90% of all chemical processes use catalysts Changes in catalysts have a giant influence on.
Catalyst. What is catalyst function? Catalyst function is providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy so that more reaction.
1 Catalyst Fundamentals 朱信 Hsin Chu Professor Dept. of Environmental Eng. National Cheng Kung University.
Catalysts Learning intention Learn how a catalyst speeds up reaction rate by lowering the activation energy, and how to represent this on a potential energy.
Catalysts. Learning Objectives Catalysts can be classified as either heterogeneous or homogeneous. Catalysts can be classified as either heterogeneous.
Catalysts. Syllabus Statements C.4.1 Compare the modes of action of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. C.4.2 Outline the advantages and disadvantages.
88 ITK-329 Kinetika & Katalisis Introduction to Catalyst & Catalysis Dicky Dermawan Chapter 5.
 Reactants must collide with proper orientation and sufficient energy.
Lecture 10 INTRO TO CATALYSIS Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Catalysts Chemical Kinetics “Rates of Reactions”.
PE333 Chemical reaction &industrial catalysis (Part 2) Dr/Marwa Abdelfattah Fall
Temperature dependence of reaction rates
ChE 553 Lecture 23 Catalysis By Surfaces 1. Objective For Today Ask How Surfaces Can Catalyze Reactions 2.
Catalytic Converters and poisons
Section 2.5: Enzymes Biology.
Chapter 14 Chemical Kinetics. Kinetics is the study of how fast chemical reactions occur. There are 4 important factors which affect rates of reactions:
Metabolism Chapter 8.
Reaction Rates and Equilibrium
Dr. Floyd Beckford Lyon College
1Chemistry 2C Lecture 22: May 21 th, )Arrhenius Equation 2)Transition State Theory 3)Molecularity 4)Rate limiting steps 5)Reaction mechanisms 6)Catalysis.
Introduction to catalysis Textbook H: Chapter 14 Textbook A: Part IV – Introduction.
Quiz #4 Next Week (Feb 12-16) Covers sections During lectures next week, we will complete ALL OF Chapter 15 and parts of Chapter 16! The Second.
Chapter 14 Chemical Kinetics. Review Section of Chapter 14 Test Net Ionic Equations.
Chapter 14 Chemical Kinetics. Review Section of Chapter 14 Test Net Ionic Equations.
Enzymes are protein molecules that are able to catalyse a biological reaction.
Chapter 14 Chemical Kinetics (part 2). The Collision Model Goal: develop a model that explains why rates of reactions increase as concentration and temperature.
Chapter 14 Chemical Kinetics (part 2). The Collision Model Goal: develop a model that explains why rates of reactions increase as concentration and temperature.
Reaction Rate. Reaction Rate: It’s the change in the concentration of reactants per unit time as reaction proceeds. The area of chemistry that is concerned.
Chapter 121 Chapter 12: Kinetics; Outline 1. Introduction  2. macroscopic determination of rate (experimental) define rate  define rate law, rate constant,
Reaction Rates AP chapter Reaction Rates Describe how quickly concentration of reactants or products are changing Units typically  M/  t for aqueous.
Chemical Kinetics The area of chemistry that concerns reaction rates and reaction mechanisms.
Thermodynamics Tells if a reaction will occur.. Kinetics Tells how fast a reaction will occur.
Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Chemical Kinetics The area of chemistry that concerns reaction rates.
Catalyst A substance which speeds up the rate of a reaction while not being consumed Homogeneous Catalysis - a catalyst which is in the same phase as the.
Industrial catalysis Lec 8 week 11.
Catalysis.
Prentice Hall © 2003Chapter 14 Chapter 14 Chemical Kinetics CHEMISTRY The Central Science 9th Edition David P. White.
Unit 9 – Reaction Rates and Equilibrium The area of chemistry that concerns reaction rates (how fast a reaction occurs)
AP BIOLOGY Chapter 8 Metabolism. The _____ Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can be transformed and transferred by NEVER created or destroyed Anabolic.
H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ OH - New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 2 1 Chapter 15 The Effect of Temperature Change and Catalyst on Reaction Rate 15.1Effect.
Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Chemistry FIFTH EDITION by Steven S. Zumdahl University of Illinois.
Chemistry of Life Chapter 2. All Living Things Use Energy Energy in living things is converted from 1 form to another (chemical-physical-thermal etc.)
Definitions Rate of reactions
Catalysts Mak-3-ram Kamale-2-dine. Catalyst review A catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway that requires less activation energy (topic 5:
Chapter 19 Reaction Rates And Equilibrium. Rates Measures the speed of change over an interval of time.
Kinetics and Equilibrium Review. The stability of a compound is dependent on the amount of energy absorbed or released during the formation of the compound.
ENZYMES AND HOMEOSTASIS Enzymes. LEARNING GOALS I CAN … …explain how enzymes speed up the rate of a chemical reaction …discuss the properties of enzymes.
Prentice Hall © 2003Chapter 14 Chapter 14 Chemical Kinetics CHEMISTRY The Central Science 9th Edition David P. White.
1 Chemical Kinetics Part 3: Reaction Mechanisms Chapter 13.
Reaction Process. A reaction mechanism is a step by step sequence of reactions that show an overall chemical change The same reaction can occur by different.
Enzymes All enzymes are proteins. Not all proteins are enzymes. Enzymes are catalysts. A catalyst is a substance which increases the rate of chemical reaction.
COLLISION THEORY. HOW REACTIONS HAPPEN Rate of reaction – How quickly a reaction happens. 1.Energy of the collision: Reactant must have enough energy.
Chapter 13: Reaction Rate
Reaction Process.
Enzymes 8.4.
Catalysis.
Chemical Kinetics Unit 11 – Chapter 17.
Kinetics.
Collision Theory – Explains Reaction Rates
How Catalysts Work Main Concept:
Reaction Mechanisms The balanced chemical equation provides information about the beginning and end of reaction. The reaction mechanism gives the path.
catalysis: the process by which a catalyst changes the
Catalysis Catalyst: A substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed Enzyme: A large molecule (usually a protein) that catalyzes biological.
Presentation transcript:

Introduction to catalysis chemistry Preliminaries Definition Types of catalysis Example n catalyseur est une espèce chimique qui permet d’augmenter la vitesse d’une réaction mais qui n’apparaît pas dans l’équation de cette réaction. Lorsqu’un catalyseur est utilisé pour accélérer une transformation, on dit que celle-ci est catalysée. Il existe trois types de catalyses : la catalyse hétérogène, la catalyse homogène et la catalyse enzymatique. Un catalyseur modifie le mécanisme réactionnel de la réaction étudiée, c’est-à-dire la nature des étapes permettant de passer des réactifs aux produits. En aucun cas, il ne pourra modifier le sens d’évolution d’un système, ni son état d’équilibre. Un catalyseur influe uniquement sur la cinétique de la réaction chimique considérée. Il n’est pas consommé et se retrouve inaltéré à la fin de la réaction. Il suffit alors d’une très petite quantité de catalyseur pour transformer rapidement une grande quantité de réactifs. Un même catalyseur ne peut pas être efficace pour toutes les réactions. En général, un catalyseur catalyse une réaction déterminée et une réaction donnée ne peut être catalysée que par un nombre restreint de catalyseurs. On dit qu’un catalyseur est spécifique d’un type de réaction. Un catalyseur peut également être sélectif si, à partir d’un système initial susceptible d’évoluer selon plusieurs réactions, il accélère préférentiellement l’une d’elles. La plupart des procédés de synthèse industriels emploient des catalyseurs. Leur utilisation permet une augmentation de la vitesse de réaction et évite aux entreprises des coûts énergétiques trop importants. En effet, une hausse de la température du milieu a le même effet cinétique que l’utilisation d’un catalyseur. Cependant, le coût d’une élévation de température est nettement plus élevé, c’est pourquoi le choix du catalyseur est financièrement plus approprié. L’importance industrielle et économique des catalyseurs en fait aujourd’hui un des thèmes le plus étudiés dans la recherche.

Reaction Rate Rads = k P x Function of reactants (or products) concentrations (or pressure), temperature, presence of catalyst (or inhibitor) α, β, ... are the orders of the reactants k is the rate constant Example: rate of chemical adsorption Rads = k P x

Activation energy Arrhenius Law Observations A: pre-exponential factor Ea: Activation energy Observations Reaction don't start even if it is thermodynamically favorable (ΔG < 0) : Reaction rate increase with T This increasing is specific for each reaction On constate que dans beaucoup de cas, une réaction chimique ne démarre pas, même si ses paramètres thermodynamiques sont favorables (DG< 0) : le papier, le bois ne s'enflamment pas spontanément à température ambiante, il faut les allumer pour qu'ils brûlent. Il en va de même de l'eau oxygénée qui ne se décompose pas spontanément et du permanganate en solution dans l'eau qui n'oxyde pas cette dernière à température ambiante. Dans tous les cas, sans exception, on remarque que la vitesse des transformations chimiques augmente lorsque l'on augmente la température. Cette dépendance semble être spécifique à chaque réaction : elle est tantôt grande, tantôt nettement plus faible.

Definition What is a catalyst ? A catalyst modifies the mechanism of the reaction But never change the equilibrium state and evolution direction Catalyst is a chemical species which increase the rate of a reaction without being used up in the process

Thermodynamic and kinetic A catalyst reduces Ea for both forward and back reactions More steps in the reaction Effects of catalyst different for each reactions ΔH do not change

Catalyst Cycle Catalyst can be used again and again in theory A catalyst has active sites But many problems can occur

Catalyst deactivation Poisoning impurities which can bind strongly to the active sites on the surface Sintering of the active metal particles Sintering and solid-solid phase transitions of the support (encapsualtion)

Catalyst Parameters Activity Selectivity Stability Turnover factor is the number of molecules converted by each catalytic site in a unit of time Selectivity A selectivity of 99,99% means that the catalyst makes one mistake in 10.000 conversions Stability The number of reactions performed by each active site before it decays or becomes inactive

The three Types of catalysis Homogeneous Catalysis The catalyst and reactants are in the same phase, usually liquid Heterogeneous catalysis Catalyst and reactants are in different phases Enzymatic Catalysis Catalyst is an enzyme (macromolecules made of amino acids)

Homogeneous Catalysis Advantages Good contact with reactants Greater effective concentration of catalyst than with heterogeneous catalysts Disadvantages Catalysis needs to be separated after reaction Catalyst recovery may be difficult because the temperature for the distillation can destroy the catalyst

Heterogeneous Catalysis Advantages There is little difficulty in separating and recycling the catalyst Disadvantages There is a lower effective concentration of catalyst since the reaction occurs only on the exposed active surface To maximize the surface area catalysts are spread thinly on a cheap and sturdy support

Enzymatic Catalysis We would not survive without enzymes! Not fully understood Extremely efficient and highly selective: accept only one variety of substrates An Enzyme With a substrate

Example of simple catalysis Hydrogenation Catalysts used are Ni Pd Pt Ru Rh Co unsaturated  saturated products (Vegetable oils  margarine)

Conclusion Catalysis: only a kinetic improvement Never change the thermodynamic of the system Three type of catalysis A majority of industrial processes use catalysis