1 of 37 chapter: 7 >> Krugman/Wells ©2009  Worth Publishers Tracking the Macroeconomy

2 of 31 An Expanded Circular-Flow Diagram Government Firms Markets for goods and services Financial Markets Households Factor Markets Rest of the world Government purchases of goods and services Government borrowing Private savings Government transfers Wages, profit, interest, rent Borrowing and stock issues by firms Foreign borrowing and sales of stock Foreign lending and purchases of stock Exports Imports GDP Taxe s Consumer spending

3 of 37 The National Accounts  Almost all countries calculate a set of numbers known as the national income and product accounts.  The national income and product accounts, or national accounts, keep track of the flows of money between different parts of the economy.

4 of 37 Gross Domestic Product  Gross domestic product or GDP measures the total value of all final goods and services produced in the economy during a given year. It does not include the value of intermediate goods.  Aggregate spending, the sum of consumer spending, investment spending, government purchases of goods and services, and exports minus imports = the total spending on domestically produced final goods and services in the economy.

5 of 37 Calculating Gross Domestic Product  GDP can be calculated three ways:  Add up the value added of all producers  Add up all spending on domestically-produced final goods and services. This results in the equation: GDP = C + I + G + X - IM  Add up all income paid to factors of production  Wages  Interest  Rent  Profit

6 of 37 Calculating Gross Domestic Product

7 of 37 PITFALLS GDP: What’s In and What’s Out Included  domestically produced final goods and services (including capital goods)  new construction of structures  changes to inventories Not Included  intermediate goods and services  inputs  used goods  financial assets like stocks and bonds  foreign-produced goods and services

8 of 37 Real vs. Nominal GDP  Real GDP is the total value of the final goods and services produced in the economy during a given year, calculated using the prices of a selected base year.  Nominal GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced in the economy during a given year, calculated using the prices current in the year in which the output is produced.

9 of 37 Real vs. Nominal GDP Nominal versus Real GDP in 1993, 2000, and 2007 Nominal GDP (billions of current dollars) Real GDP (billions of 2000 dollars) 1993$6,657$7, , ,80811,524 How to calculate Real GDP: Multiply the Quantity of the current product with the price of the product from the base year

10 of 37 GLOBAL COMPARISON GDP and the meaning of life  Rich is better  Money matters less as you grow richer  Money isn’t everything

11 of 37 Price Indexes and the Aggregate Price Level  The aggregate price level is a measure of the overall level of prices in the economy.  To measure the aggregate price level, economists calculate the cost of purchasing a market basket.  A price index is the ratio of the current cost of that market basket to the cost in a base year, multiplied by 100.

12 of 37 Market Baskets and Price Indexes Pre-frostPost-frost Price of orange$0.20$0.40 Price of grapefruit Price of lemon Cost of market basket(200 × $0.20) +(200 × $0.40) + (200 oranges, 50 grapefruit,(50 × $0.60) +(50 × $1.00) lemons)(100 × $0.25) = $95.00(100 × $0.45) = $ Calculating GDP and Real GDP in a Simple Economy

13 of 37 Inflation Rate, CPI, and other Indexes  The inflation rate is the yearly percentage change in a price index, typically based upon Consumer Price Index, or CPI, the most common measure of the aggregate price level.  The consumer price index, or CPI, measures the cost of the market basket of a typical urban American family.

14 of 37 Consumer Price Index

15 of 37 The CPI, the PPI, and the GDP Deflator Percent change in CPI, PPI, GDP deflator 25% Year