Nobel Laureates in Economic Sciences ( )

Ragnar Frisch 1969 for developing and applying dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes Norway

Jan Tinbergen 1969 for developing and applying dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes Netherlands

Paul Samuelson 1970 for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science U.S.A.

Simon Kuznets 1971 for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new insight into the economic and social structure and process of development U.S.A.

John Hicks 1972 for the pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory England

Kenneth Arrow 1972 for the pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory U.S.A.

Wassily Leontief 1973 for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems Soviet Union/U.S.A.

Gunnar Myrdal 1974 for the pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena Sweden

Friedrich Hayek 1974 for the pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena Austria/Britain

Leonid Kantorovich 1975 for the contribution to the theory of optimum allocation of resources Russia

Tjalling Koopmans 1975 for the contribution to the theory of optimum allocation of resources Netherlands

Milton Friedman 1976 for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy U.S.A.

Bertil Ohlin 1977 for the path-breaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements Sweden

James Meade 1977 for the path-breaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements U.K.

Herbert Simon 1978 for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations U.S.A.

Theodore Schultz 1979 for the pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries U.S.A.

Sir Arthur Lewis 1979 for the pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries St.Lucia/U.K.

Lawrence Klein 1980 for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies U.S.A.

James Tobin 1981 for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices U.S.A.

George Stigler 1982 for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation U.S.A.

Gérard Debreu 1983 for incorporating new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium France

Richard Stone 1984 for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis England

Franco Modigliani 1985 for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets Italy/U.S.A.

James M. Buchanan Jr for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision- making U.S.A.

Robert Solow 1987 for his contributions to the theory of economic growth U.S.A.

Maurice Allais 1988 for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources France

Trygve Haavelmo 1989 for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures Norway

Harry M. Markowitz 1990 for pioneering work in the theory of financial economics U.S.A.

Merton H. Miller 1990 for pioneering work in the theory of financial economics U.S.A.

William F. Sharpe 1990 for pioneering work in the theory of financial economics U.S.A.

Ronald Coase 1991 for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy U.K.

Gary Becker 1992 for extending the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour U.S.A.

Robert Fogel 1993 for renewing research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change U.S.A.

Douglass North 1993 for renewing research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change U.S.A.

John Harsanyi 1994 for pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non- cooperative games U.S.A.

John Forbes Nash, Jr for pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non- cooperative games U.S.A.

Reinhard Selten 1994 for pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non- cooperative games Germany

Robert Lucas, Jr for developing and applying the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby transforming macroeconomic analysis and deepening our understanding of economic policy U.S.A.

James Mirrlees 1996 for fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information U.K.

William Vickrey 1996 for fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information U.S.A.

Robert C. Merton 1997 for a new method to determine the value of derivatives U.S.A.

Myron Scholes 1997 for a new method to determine the value of derivatives U.S.A.

Amartya Sen 1998 for his contributions to welfare economics India

Robert Mundell 1999 for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas U.S.A.

James Heckman 2000 for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples U.S.A.

Daniel McFadden 2000 for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice U.S.A.

George Akerlof 2001 for the analyses of markets with asymmetric information U.S.A.

Michael Spence 2001 for the analyses of markets with asymmetric information U.S.A.

Joseph Stiglitz 2001 for the analyses of markets with asymmetric information U.S.A.

Daniel Kahneman 2002 for integrating insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty U.S.A./Israel

Vernon L. Smith 2002 for establishing laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms U.S.A.

Robert F. Engle 2003 for methods of analyzing economic time series with time- varying volatility (ARCH) U.S.A.

Clive Granger 2003 for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (co-integration) U.K./U.S.A.

Finn E. Kydland 2004 for contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles Norway/U.S.A.

Edward C. Prescott 2004 for contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles U.S.A.

Robert Aumann 2005 for enhancing our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis Israel/U.S.A.

Thomas C. Schelling 2005 for enhancing our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis U.S.A.

Edmund Phelps 2006 for his analysis of inter- temporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy U.S.A.

Leonid Hurwicz 2007 for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory Russia/U.S.A.

Eric S. Maskin 2007 for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory U.S.A.

Roger B. Myerson 2007 for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory U.S.A.

Paul Krugman 2008 for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity U.S.A.

Elinor Ostrom 2009 for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons U.S.A.

Oliver E. Williamson 2009 for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm U.S.A.

Peter Diamond 2010 for the analysis of markets with search frictions U.S.A.

Dale T. Mortensen 2010 for the analysis of markets with search frictions U.S.A.

Christopher A. Pissarides 2010 for the analysis of markets with search frictions Cyprus/U.K.

Thomas J. Sargent 2011 for the empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy U.S.A.

Christopher A. Sims 2011 for the empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy U.S.A.

Alvin E. Roth 2012 for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design U.S.A.

Lloyd Shapley 2012 for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design U.S.A.