ROME Part I: The Republic Part II: The Empire

The Origins of Rome :The Myth Romulus and Remus Why was it not called Reme?

The Truth (as we know it) Earliest prehistoric settlements (1000 B.C.) 3 groups influenced Rome Latin's shepherds, plains of Latium Greek colonies in Southern Italy Etruscans settlements in Northern Italy Founded on “the seven hills” of Rome Hills over a swamp!!!

Geography was important to Roman Success Rome was midway between the Alps and Sicily Rome was on a river near the Sea but not too near Rome was midway between Spain and the Middle East Rome was in the Middle of the Mediterranean Sea

Religions Polytheistic Many early gods had no names but charged with taking care of daily things Took signs from nature, augury (auspices) Later Greek influences would give Rome a Greek Pantheon with Latin Names.

What are some Greek Gods that have Roman equivalents? Zeus Poseidon Hera Hades Chronos Ares Hepheastus Aphrodite Hermes

Social Organization Family Gravitas (seriousness, weightiness) Role of fathers was important, Patriarch Role of women was less important Classes Patricians - upper class Plebeians- lower class Slaves- Spoils of War

Arete vs. Gravitas Compare the excerpt of Hector and his decision to fight Achilles on page 126. What would a Roman Hector do? Think Gravitas: Strength, Discipline, Tenacity, Loyalty, Pragmatism

Rome achieved a balanced government. Monarchy-2 elected consuls Aristocracy- Senate from patrician class Democracy- Election of Senators, and an assembly Dictatorship- only in crisis times

Roman Government Rome’s Government was balanced How does our government compare to theirs?

Roman Legion Rome’s military might was focused upon its Legionary Forces Infantry was tough and adaptable Infantry was augmented with Cavalry and Artillery

The plebeians fight for equality. Refused to Fight in the Army... Office of the Tribunes created for the “Plebs’ –10 elected officials to represent the plebeians in the Senate –Protected the rights of the plebs Twelve Tables – written law code; granted free citizens protection from the government Citizens’ Assemblies –All adult, Roman males could attend and vote on representatives

Rome 265 B.C. Dominates the Italian Peninsula Conquered people were citizens but could not vote Allies – supplied Rome with troops

Rome’s Trade Empire Location made it easy to trade by land and sea Traded wine and olive oil for food, wood, granite, leather, etc. Rome wanted control of the Mediterranean Sea trade network Went to war with Carthage

Punic Wars – Rome vs. Carthage Three separate wars 1st war (264 – 241 B.C.) –Rome won Sicily from Carthage 2nd war (218 – 202 B.C.) –Hannibal attacked Rome –Scipio defeats Hannibal at the Battle of Zama 3rd war (149 – 146 B.C.) –Rome destroys Carthage –Sold 50,000 people to slavery

Consequences of Punic Wars Rome loses many citizens Farms destroyed by Hannibal Rich corrupted and take advantage of poor Small farmers had to sell land to rich 25% of population were in poverty

First Triumvirate - Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus They dominate Roman politics Crassus died... Pompey became Caesar’s rival Senate ordered Caesar to return to Rome 49 B.C. – Caesar returns with army (war with Pompey) 44 B.C. – Caesar became dictator of Rome by force

Caesar tried to reform the government. Granted citizenship to the provinces outside of Italy Senate enlarged to 900 men (more plebs) Public works program (jobs for poor) Gave land to poor in colonies (Spain, France, Africa, etc.) Designed a new,accurate calendar (month of Julius) Increased pay for soldiers Caesar is popular and Senate is upset…

Caesar’s Assassination March 15, 44 B.C. Caesar assassinated in the Senate chamber

Second Triumvirate – Octavian, Mark Anthony, and Lepidus Hunted down Caesar's assassins Dominated Rome for ten years Octavian and Mark Anthony fight for leadership of Rome 31 B.C. – Octavian defeats Anthony and Cleopatra at Battle of Actium Octavian becomes first emperor of Rome – changes name to Augustus Caesar (exalted one)

Battle of Actium

Rome is an Empire Augustus is the unchallenged ruler of Rome Octavian ruled as a dictator for 41 years Starts Pax Romana (27 B.C. – 180 A.D.) –Pax Romana = Roman Peace –Empire = 3 million square miles –60 – 80 million people –Cultural Diffusion = many different societies

Roman Coliseum

Succession never solved in Rome It was never determined how the next emperor would be decided in Rome when the current emperor died. After the death of the emperor, Rome generally went into a time of violence as different factions made their choices clear. Eventually a system of “adoption” was used. From

Many of the Christian teachings collided with the Roman ideas. Religious ceremonies - Christians did not attend pagan ceremonies. Fighting - Christians would not fight. Worshipping the emperor - Christians only worshipped God and Jesus.

Consequently the Romans persecuted the Christians. Hungry Lion Plus Unarmed Christians Equals Roman Entertainment

Time of Crisis “Crisis of the Third Century” Economic Problems - three sources of prosperity ended (trade, plunder, farms) Military Problems - Goths over ran legions, soldiers fought for money not patriotism Political Decay - officials were no longer loyal to Rome

Barbarians Invasions Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Angles, Saxons, Burgundians, Lombards, Vandals AND THE HUNS!!!

Many historians have theories explaining why Rome fell... Political Social Economic Military

Immediate cause of the fall of Rome was... Pressure from Huns and invasions from the German tribes The Hun threatened not only the Roman Empire, but all Germanic tribes as well –Attila sacked 70 cities in Rome –Attila met with Leo I (the pope) and stopped short of destroying Rome completely

Fall of Rome Conquest by barbarians led to the sack of Rome.

Roman Reveiw Who were the mythological founders of Rome? What river was Rome located on? What was favorable about Rome’s Geography? Where did Rome get its religious beliefs? What characteristic is most important to a Roman? What were the two classes of Romans? How did Rome achieve a balanced government? Who did Rome fight in the Punic Wars? Who made up the first Triumvirate? Who succeeded?

Roman Review Who was Rome’s first true Emperor and probably its greatest? What new religion spread throughout Rome during its empire age? Did romans accept new religions easily? How did the Roman Emperors solve the problem of succession? What are some reasons that Rome fell?