Geography – Rome at it’s Height

Geography Rome at Height NORTH Britain EAST Mesopot/Middle East SOUTH Egypt WEST Spain

Geography Constantinople Connects Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea Better Trade Close to Asia Minor Close to Europe Close to North Africa Easier to defend Wall surround city Surrounded by water Moat

Religion  One reason that the early Christian church survived was because of its organization.  Local leaders were Bishops  Bishops later controlled churches in certain areas

Religion Jesus Apostles Bishops Bishops get authority based on Apostolic Succession

Religion ConstantinopleAlexandria JerusalemAntioch Rome The Bishops of the five largest cities were called Patriarchs.

Religion  Why did the Bishop of Rome think he should be the leader of the church?

Religion – 1. Jesus 2. Peter – leader of church when Jesus died 3. Bishops of Rome

Religion  Everyone believed that …  Jesus was the son of God  Jesus was the savior

Religion  What was the Great Schism or split?

Religion Roman Catholic Church  Icons bring you closer to God  Head of church is the Pope  Leader of the church is the Pope (day to day operations)  Priests can’t marry  Rituals and ceremonies in Latin Eastern Orthodox Church  Icons are a form of idol worship  Head of the Church is the Emperor  Leader of the Church is the Patriarch of Constantinople (day to day operations)  Priests can marry  Rituals and ceremonies in Greek

Achievements Rome Roads Move army around Spread culture Connect the empire

Achievements Aqueducts Get water to cities Fountains Public Baths Everyday use

Achievements - Rome ConcreteColiseum

Achievements BathCircus

Achievements Byzantine Justinian’s Code Organized and preserved Roman law

Achievements Byzantine Hagia Sophia Dome 185 feet tall Still standing

Achievements Byzantine Mosaic A form of art where designs are made with small stones or glass

Achievements Cyril & Methodius Brothers who gave up wealth to spread their religion in Eastern Europe Cyril created Cyrillic alphabet so Slavs could have a written language & a Bible Considered Apostles to the Slavs

Politics Julius Caesar Was a famous war hero Started a revolution when he marched with his troops into Rome Restored order to Rome Made dictator for life Some (senators ) feared he was too ambitious or getting too powerful & assassinated him

Politics Caesar Augustus Adopted son of Julius Caesar Massive building projects – restore pride in Rome Expanded Rome Started the Pax Romana

Politics Nerva Adopt next leader Trajan Lead Rome at height/roads & bridges to connect

Politics Hadrian Wall & defense Marcus Aurelius Philosopher

Politics Constantine Converted to Christianity Made Christianity legal Moved capital to Constantinople Wanted Constantinople to resemble Rome – start building projects

Politics Justinian Worked his way up through army Dream to restore Rome to the way it was – came close Had lawyers organize Roman law – Justinian’s code – basis for some legal systems today Had the Hagia Sophia built Married to Theodora – smart and a performer

Economy Expansion – Initially Strengthened Brought in riches Massive building projects Encouraged & necessitated inventions Aqueducts Concrete roads Spread culture

Economy Expansion - Eventually Weakened the Economy Expansion slowed down – no new riches Raise taxes to pay for army Slaves take jobs of working class – struggle to support family Constant wars damaged farms & trade Rich leave for country homes

Economy Constantinople Strong trade Had good harbors Close to Asia Minor and Europe

Rise of the Empires Rome  Expansion  Strong leaders  Julius Caesar  Cesar Augustus  5 Good Emperors  Strong trade/Economy  Achievements/Inventions  Roads  Aqueducts  Romans in the army are proud Byzantine  Expansion  Justinian restore Rome to glory  Cyril & Methodius  Strong leaders  Constantine  Justinian  Strong trade/Economy  Close to Europe, Asia Minor, and North Africa  Achievements/Inventions  Haygia Sophia  Justinian Code  Mosaics  Strong Army

Effects of Expansion in Rome Beginning  Increased trade & brought in riches Later  When expansion slowed down, they didn’t have the huge increase of riches  Romans didn’t want to serve so the Emperor had to rely on foreigners to fight  Foreigners not motivated to fight  Had to raise taxes to pay for the army to defend the Empire

Fall of Empires Rome  Rich get richer and poor get poorer  Weak leaders  Weak army  Weak economy  Constant war  No increased trade or riches  Loss of pride in being a Roman  People turned to the latifundia for food and water Byzantine  Weak leaders  Weak army  Constant attacks from enemies  Finally broke through defenses (walls)  Use of gunpowder for weapons like cannons