Ancient Civilizations: Greece & Rome

The Geography of Greece

Civilizations of Greece during the Bronze Age Cycladic Civilization Minoan Civilization Mycenaean Civilization

Bronze Age Greece 1650 BCE- 700 BCE

Homer: The “Heroic Age” End of the 11th c. BCE Source of mythological heroes

"Hellenic" (Classical) Greece: 700 BCE - 324 BCE

Piraeus: Athens’ Port City

Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

Great Athenian Philosophers Socrates Know thyself! question everything only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness. Plato The Academy The world of the FORMS The Republic  philosopher-king

Great Athenian Philosophers Aristotle The Lyceum “Golden Mean” [everything in moderation]. Logic. Scientific method. Lyceum= secondary school

The Acropolis Today

The Parthenon

The Classical Greek “Ideal”

The Ancient Olympics: Athletes & Trainers

SPARTA

"Hellenistic" Greece: 324 BCE - 100 BCE

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great’s Empire

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

Hellenistic Philosophers Cynics  Diogenes ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries. citizens of the world. live a humble, simple life. Epicurians  Epicurus avoid pain & seek pleasure. all excess leads to pain! politics should be avoided.

Hellenistic Philosophers Stoics  Zeno nature is the expansion of divine will. concept of natural law. get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all. true happiness is found in great achievements.

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences Scientists / Mathematicians: Aristarchus  heliocentric theory. Euclid  geometry Archimedes  pulley Hellenistic Art: More realistic; less ideal than Hellenic art. Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

ANCIENT ROME

The Geography of Rome

The History of Ancient Italy

Italy in 750 BCE

Influence of the Etruscans Writing Religion

The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus Rome was founded by the demi- god twins who are left out by their uncle. A she wolf finds them and suckles/ cares for them eventually they establish a city with their followers

The Roman Republic: 509 BCE - 27 BCE

Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians) Patricians= aristocratic families

The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE Providing political and social rights for the plebeians.

The Roman Forum

Rome’s Early Road System

Roman Roads: The Appian Way

Roman Aqueducts

The Roman Colosseum

The Colosseum Interior

Reform Leaders Military Reformer Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer Gaius Marius recruited an army from the poor and homeless. professional standing army.

Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar Pompey

Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC The Die is Cast! The river is notable as Roman law forbade any General to cross the Rubicon southward with a legion. The river marked the boundary between the Roman province of Cisalpine Gaul to the north and Italy proper to the south; the law thus protected the republic from internal military threat. A Roman General was thus obliged to disband his army before crossing the Rubicon, otherwise both he and his men were guilty of high treason and sacrilege, and automatically condemned to death. When Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon with his army in 49 BC, to make his way to Rome, he broke that law and made armed conflict inevitable. Caesar uttered the famous phrase ("the die has been cast").[1] Caesar's decision for swift action forced Pompey, the lawful consul, and a large part of the Senate to flee Rome in fear. Since Caesar was eventually victorious, the punishment due him became a moot issue.

The First Triumvirate Julius Caesar Marcus Licinius Crassus Gaius Magnus Pompey Triumvirate= political regime dominated by three powerful individuals

Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE March 15 (day of full moon) Day Caesar was killed in the senate by Cassius and Brutus (60 other co conspirators)

The Second Triumvirate Octavian Augustus Marc Antony Marcus Lepidus

The Roman Empire: 27 BCE - 476 CE

Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor

Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE Roman Peace- long period of peace and minimal military expansion

The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

The Rise of Christianity

The Spread of Christianity

Imperial Roman Road System

The Empire in Crisis: 3c Where are most of the raids coming from?

Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE

Constantine: 312 - 337

Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330)

Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c

Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God” Ruler of the Huns (Hunnic Empire Germany to the Ural River) feared by Romans because they invaded from the north

Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire

The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian

The Byzantine Emperor Justinian

The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering Aqueducts Sewage systems Dams Cement Arch