Rome

The Geography of Rome

Geography Livy “Early History of Rome” “Not without reason did gods and men choose this spot for the site of our city- the hills, the river to bring us produce from the inland regions and sea-borne commerce from abroad, the sea itself, near enough for convenience yet not so near as to bring danger from foreign fleets, our situation in the very heart of Italy- all of these advantages make it of all places in the world the best for a city destined to grow great.” Why was Rome’s geography so important?

The History of Ancient Italy

First Settlers Latins (9th-8th Century B.C.E.) Greeks (750-600 B.C.E.) 1st around Rome Palatine Hill Greeks (750-600 B.C.E.) Colonize southern Italy and Sicily Greek cultural influence Etruscans Native to central and northern Italy Current day Tuscany Influence? Article?

Roots of Roman Values Etruscans Influences Greek Influences

Influence of the Etruscans Writing Religion The Arch

The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus

Italy in 750 BCE

The Roman Republic: 509 BCE - 27 BCE

Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)

The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE Providing political and social rights for the plebeians.

Punic Wars Start of Imperial Expansion First Punic War (264-241 B.C.E) Started over who controlled Sicily Ended 20 years later with surrender of important colonies of Sicily and Sardinia to Rome During truce Carthage built up its forces and invaded Italy Second Punic War (218-202 B.C.E) Carthaginian forces led by Hannibal 15 years of destroying Italy Rome wins Carthage gives up holdings in Africa and Spain Determined Roman control and civilization would take over Mediterranean world

Hannibal Carthage (Northern Africa) Raised by his father to hate Rome First settled by Phoenicians Will fall to Rome Raised by his father to hate Rome Takes over military Tightened Carthage’s control of Spain Attacks Saguntum in Spain

Carthaginian Empire

Hannibal’s Route

Territorial Problems facing the Roman Republic Results of the Punic Wars Territory too big for the Republic to control

Economic Problems Increasing gap between the rich and the poor Rich landowners vs. slaves (1/3 population) Small farmers (proletariat) Can’t compete = Sell farms Result: homeless, jobless Urban poor grows (1/4 of population)

Deaths lead to Civil War Power-hungry generals Soldiers for hire vs. citizens “Rape of the Sabine Women” Page 122

The Roman Forum

Rome’s Early Road System

Roman Roads: The Appian Way

Roman Aqueducts

The Roman Colosseum

The Colosseum Interior

Circus Maximus

Reform Leaders Military Reformer Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer Gaius Marius recruited an army from the poor and homeless. professional standing army.

The First Triumvirate Julius Caesar (general) Marcus Licinius Crassus (rich man) Gaius Magnus Pompey (general)

The Rise of Julius Caesar (100 – 44 B.C.) 59 B.C. Caesar elected Consul 58 – 50 B.C. Julius Caesar conquers Gaul Pompey and Senate fear Julius Caesar’s popularity & orders Caesar’s army to disband and return home 49 B.C. Julius Caesar marches on Rome & defeats Pompey’s troops Returns home in 46 B.C. and named “dictator for life” in 44 B.C.

Julius Caesar’s Reforms Granted Roman citizenship to many provincials Expanded the Senate Created jobs for the poor Constructed public buildings Started colonies for people without land to own property Increased pay for soldiers

The Fate of Julius Caesar The powerful feared Caesar’s growing power & popularity March 15, 44 BCE Caesar assassinated by senators Only surviving relative was adopted son Octavian Caesar

Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE

The Second Triumvirate Octavian Augustus Marc Antony Marcus Lepidus

Second Triumvirate Divided empire Antony (general) - East and Egypt Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew/ adopted son) - Italy and West Lepidus (politician) – Africa Octavian encourages Antony to declare war on him and won at the battle of Actium = Start of Roman Empire!!

The Roman Empire: 27 BCE - 476 CE

Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor

The First Roman Dynasty

The Rise of Augustus Caesar (63 B.C. – A.D. 14) Octavian Forces Lepidus to retire Defeated Mark Antony & Cleopatra in Egypt in 31 B.C. Becomes Augustus “exalted one” Master of Roman Worlds (Article and Discuss Packet from Class)

The Augustan Age Sheet from book and Discuss

Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE

Pax Romana Roman Peace 31 BCE- 180 CE Greatest Achievement of Augustus Syria to Spain, Bristol to Belgrade Unified, peaceful, one ruler, common law Literature and Arts Flourished Trade Sam Laws This 200 year period of peace and stability allowed the Roman Empire to achieve new heights in technology, agriculture, science, and the arts. The Roman Empire was a very civilized place during this time, and life was generally comfortable, and good.

Roman Culture Borrowed heavily from Greeks Had own native culture Arts Law Administration Practical matters: engineering, sanitation, finance, system of justice Arts Latin Language Literature Architecture

The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering Aqueducts Sewage systems Dams Cement Arch