Rome

Geography Rome is in Italy which is around the midpoint of the Mediterranean Sea 3 groups made up Italy: Latins (built Rome) Greeks Etruscans (took over Rome)

Rome Rome was founded by 2 brothers, Romulus and Remus. They were abandoned on the Tiber river and raised by a she-wolf

Rome Romans were borrowers In the early years of Rome, they borrowed the Etruscans’ writing, alphabet, and architecture They borrowed the Greek Gods and changed their names Examples: Zeus=Jupiter, Ares=Mars, Hermes=Mercury, Poseidon=Saturn, Hades=Neptune

Roman Republic The Etruscans took over Rome and placed their kings over the Latins. The Latins in Rome overthrew the last Etruscan king, Tarquin the Proud and they said they would never be ruled by a king.

Roman Republic Rome started a republic, a government where people vote for their leaders However, only free-born male could vote.

Roman Republic 3 groups made up Rome: Patricians: landowners who held the power Plebians: common people Slaves

Roman Republic United States Executive Legislative Judicial Executive Two Consuls “I forbid” = veto Legislative Senate - Patricians Assembly – Plebeians Judicial 8 Praetors Executive Pres/VP Only Pres can veto Legislative Senate House of Representatives Judicial 9 Supreme Court Judges

Rome Government In an emergency, Rome could appoint a dictator to make laws and command the army. However, power only lasted 6 months

Roman Republic These laws were written on 12 stone tablets and put in the Forum where everyone can see them They were called the Twelve Tables

Roman Army The Roman Army was made up of legions Each legion is made up of 5000 heavily armed foot soldiers and each legion had its own flag (its eagle)

Rome expands Rome eventually conquered all of Italy with its legions Those they conquered were given the citizenship with Rome except the right to vote. Rome left the conquered with local control as long as they send men and did not make treaties with enemies of Rome

Punic Wars As Rome expanded, it fought with another nation called Carthage over trade. They fought 3 wars called the Punic Wars

Punic Wars Carthage under Hannibal invaded Rome from the Alps and attacked Rome for a decade He won his greatest victory at Cannae

Punic Wars Rome under Scipio decided to attack Carthage, while Hannibal was in Italy. Hannibal raced back to Carthage and lost at Zuma. Carthage was later destroyed by Rome. It was burned down 50000 citizens were sold into slavery Rome then salted the earth, so nothing could grow

Rome As Rome expanded, many problems started to happening The gap between rich and poor was widening Many poor farmers lost their land and became homeless and wandered the countryside The rich were becoming corrupted and the slaves were developing resentment

Rome Rich landowners created large estates called latifundias

Rome 2 brothers tried to help Rome’s poor by limiting the size of latifundias and giving land to the poor Tiberius Gracchus Gaius Gracchus

Rome Generals began to recruit the homeless for soldiers= civil war To stop the war a triumvirate (group of 3 rulers) was formed

Rome The 1st triumvirate were Julius Caesar General Pompey Wealthy Crassus

Rome Caesar then went to Gaul He conquered it and became more popular Pompey grew scared and told Caesar to disband his legions Caesar crossed the Rubicon and won against Pompey

Rome Caesar became a dictator for life or an absolute ruler (ruler who had total power) Some Romans became jealous

Rome Marcus Brutus and others stabbed Caesar 23 times in the Senate chamber Last words “Et tu, Brute?”

Rome After Caesar’s death, a civil war started between the killers and the supporters of Caesar A 2nd triumvirate was formed to stop the killers from gaining power

Rome The 2nd triumvirate was Octavian (Caesar’s nephew) Mark Antony (Caesar’s general) Lepidus (powerful politician)

Rome Octavian and Antony fought for Rome Antony joined with Cleopatra and lost to Octavian at Actium Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide

Rome Octavian started the Roman Empire with him as the 1st emperor He even changed his name to Augustus

Rome Augustus took over and started the Pax Romana or peace of Rome that lasted for 200 years He opened up the Silk Road (the road that connected that brought silk from China for Roman goods) He also reformed the calendar by adding 2 months. This is called the Julian Calendar

Rome Social Values of Rome: discipline, self-sacrifice, loyalty to family, and thrift Roman families were lead by the oldest male called the paterfamilias

Rome Women Rome women had more freedoms than Greek women. They could work, own property, and testify in court They still could not vote

Rome Most people were still poor, so to gain support from these people, Romans used Bread and Circuses

Rome Religion Jesus was born during this time and stressed that people should love God, their neighbors, and their enemies. Some Jews thought he was the Messiah or savior chosen by God

An Early Depiction of Jesus What Do You Think?

Rome The main source of Jesus’ life is in the first four books of the New Testament called the Gospels Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John The Gospels are in the Christian Holy Book called the Bible

Rome The disciples of Jesus were called Apostles After Jesus’ Death they spread the word of the new religion, Christianity. The head disciple was Peter who was known as the “Rock” and founded the Church in Rome

Rome A former enemy turned disciple was Paul, who created churches for non-Jews.

Rome Christians were persecuted by Rome in the beginning (fed to the lions at the Colosseum) Martyrs are people who die for their beliefs So, Christians got organized Bishops were put in charge of many churches The Pope in Rome became in charge of all the Bishops

Rome Constantine took over the Roman Empire and converted to Christianity. This stopped the persecution and started the spread of the religion throughout the empire. He also issued the Edict of Milan which gave freedom of religion

Pax Romana Roman Roads Latin/Greek Three conditions for spread

Six Reasons for the Appeal Faith of martyrs Hope for better life after death Love – Personal relationship of God Equality – All believers equal - sinners Purpose – Meaningful life Eternal Life What groups in Rome would be attracted? How do these values compare to traditional Roman values? New Roman values?

Rome As Christianity grew, church leaders called anything not Christian heresy One of the fathers of the Christian Religion was Augustine who wrote The City of God and Confessions

Military Causes of the Fall Threat from Northern European tribes Barbarians Low funds for defense Problems recruiting Roman citizens Recruiting of non-Romans – fought for pay Mercenaries Decline of Patriotism and loyalty among soldiers

Political Causes of the Fall Political office seen as a burden not a reward Military interference in politics Civil war and unrest Individualism – self interest Division of Empire Moving of capital to Byzantium

Social Causes of the Fall Decline in interest in public affairs Low confidence in the empire Disloyalty – Lack of patriotism – corruption Contrast between the rich and poor Individualism - freedom

Rome Falls The German rulers took the Latin language, Roman laws, and the Christian Church

The Visigoths 410 A.D. - Alaric - Visigoth chief Late 330s - 400s A.D. - variety of Germanic groups gradually gained control of Roman territory Visigoths Vandals Franks Angles Saxon  410 A.D. - Alaric - Visigoth chief captured and sacked Rome after his death they retreated into Gaul

Alaric Sacks Rome

Barbarian Invasions

Attila the Hun Leader of Mongol nomads that forced Germanic nomads to move into Rome The Huns nomadic group from central Asia led by Attila the Hun  raided the eastern empire moved north into Gaul 453 A.D. - Attila the Hun died

End of Roman Dominance Barbarians (illiterate and non-urban) Settled in Roman territory after pressure from the Huns Vandals Invaded Italy from north Africa Ostrogoths Odoacer captured Ravenna

Roman Legacies Adopted by Germanic invaders Latin language Roman Law Christianity