The Romans

The Geography of Rome

Italy in 750 BCE

Influence of the Etruscans § Writing § Religion § The Arch

The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus

Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)

The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE § Providing political and social rights for the plebeians.

The Roman Forum

Rome’s Early Road System

Roman Roads: The Appian Way

Roman Aqueducts

The Roman Colosseum

The Colosseum Interior

Circus Maximus

Carthaginian Empire

Hannibal’s Route

Reform Leaders § Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer § Gaius Marius recruited an army from the poor and homeless. professional standing army.

PompeyPompey Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar

The First Triumvirate  Julius Caesar  Marcus Crassus  Gaius Magnus Pompey

Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC No Turning Back

Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE

The Second Triumvirate § Octavian Augustus § Marc Antony § Marcus Lepidus

Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor

Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE

The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

 Julio-Claudians (members of Caesar’s family):  Tiberius: able leader; accused people of treason  Caligula: became mentally ill; killed by a guard  Claudius: renowned scholar; difficulty focusing  Nero: cruel and “insane”; persecuted the early “Christians”; sentenced to death for treason  Good Emperors (administrative skills):  Trajan: increased the size of the Empire  Hadrian: strengthened the frontier  Antonius Pious: maintained prosperity  Marcus Aurelius: “the philosopher ruler”; brought the empire to its height of prosperity

 Imperial Rule:  Augustus improved the working or the empire; kept the Senate “uninvolved”  Augustus appointed himself Pontifex Maximus  The Law:  jus gentium: law that dealt with noncitizens  jus civile: law that dealt with citizens  Formed the basis for Church and Western law  An Imperial Army:  Standing army was reduced in size due to peace  A.D. 160s – invasions by outsiders become a problem

 The Economy:  Artisans made commodities that were sold throughout the empire  Traded commodities for “luxury” goods  Educational Advances/Accomplishments  Galen: ▪ Formed the basis of Roman medical science which influenced medicine for the next 1400 years  Ptolemy: ▪ Egyptian astronomer whose work later allowed others to predict the planets’ motions

 Christianity was practiced in the Med. region  Jews were oppressed under Roman rule  Hoped for a “messiah” to deliver them  Jesus of Nazareth (ministry = A.D )  Preached that God was loving/forgiving to all  Controversy troubled Roman and Jewish officials  Pontius Pilate sentenced him to crucifixion ▪ Believed that Jesus’ teachings would die with him  A.D. 100 – Gospel preached in all of Roman Empire ▪ Jews and Gentiles both began to est. churches

 Two Main Disciples  Peter: primarily ministered to the Jews ▪ Believed that he founded the church in Rome ▪ Crucified upside down  Paul: primarily ministered to Gentiles ▪ Was once a persecutor of “Christians” ▪ Nero had him beheaded  Persecution of Early Christians  Taught that their religion was the only way  Were accused of treason (did not honor emperor)  Often were killed as martyrs (in the Colosseum)  Christianity was mainly practiced in the cities

 A.D. 312 – Constantine led his army into battle under the sign of the “flaming cross”  A.D. 313 – Edict of Milan  Allowed for freedom of religious worship  A.D. 325 Council of Nicaea  Decided on official doctrine/teachings  Jesus had both human and godly qualities  A.D. 392 – Theodosius I made Christianity the official religion of the empire  Banned old Hellenistic and Roman religions

 Needed clearly stated, unified teachings in order to prosper (Council of Nicaea)  Augustine – City of God and Confessions  Church Structure (hierarchy)  Priests, Bishops, Patriarchs  400s: the Bishop of Rome claimed authority over all of the other bishops  Greek churches did not recognize his auth.  The Great Schism: a large split in the church ▪ Latin (Western) churches became Roman Catholic ▪ Greek (Eastern) churches became Eastern Orthodox

The Rise of Christianity

St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles

The Spread of Christianity

 Settled on Basic Doctrine  Jesus had both human and godly Charcteristics

Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE

Constantine:

Constantinople: “The 2 nd Rome” (Founded in 330)

Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c

Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God”

Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire

The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian

The Byzantine Emperor Justinian

The Legacy of Rome § Republic Government § Roman Law § Latin Language § Roman Catholic Church § City Planning § Romanesque Architectural Style § Roman Engineering Aqueducts Aqueducts Sewage systems Sewage systems Dams Dams Cement Cement Arch Arch