Prologue and Chapter 1

The Pre-Roman World

A Bit of Perspective

  Roman civilization – lasted over 1,000 years. Why?  Efficient network of government officials and a system of laws that protects each citizen  Separation of powers  System of checks and balances  Greatly influenced the framework for the U.S. Prologue

 Also, the Romans were masters of diplomacy! By incorporating the people they conquered into their culture, they established unity and loyalty. The citizens lived in peace and harmony for a long time.

  Romans  Serious-minded  Industrious  Disciplined  Flexible, compromising  Allowed conquered people to keep their traditions  Made allies with former enemies  Respected cultural achievements of other societies  Adopted and adapted customs they liked Prologue, continued

  Technology  Bridges  Roads  Aqueducts  Amphitheaters  Temples  Innovation  First hospitals  Licensing of physicians  Food inspection  Invention  Glass windowpanes  Milestones  Chemical fertilizer  Theater curtains  Scissors  Ice cream  Scales with weights  Plane, brace, and bit  And many more!

  Language  Latin  Many languages today have evolved from Latin (French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian)  Almost half of the words in English are derived from Latin  Also inspired our alphabet, months of the year  History  We know about Ancient Rome through writings, like plays, as well as art and ruins Prologue, continued

  Not much of Italy is flat  Land that isn’t mountainous is covered with hills  People built cities on hills to aid in defense  Many ancient cities of Italy, including Rome, sat atop hills  Rome was built on seven hills ( Septimonium )  Also built cities near rivers (gave people a source of fresh water)  Rome is on the Tiber River  Climate – similar to southern California The Geography of Italy

 Places to know!  Italy  Rome  Corsica  Sardinia  Adriatic Sea  Ionian Sea  Mediterranean Sea  Tyrrhenian Sea  Po River  Arno River  Tiber River  Apennine Mountains  Etruria, Latium, (regions)

  Indo-Europeans migrated to Italy around 1000 B.C.E.  Farmers and herdsmen  Rome grew and eventually controlled the entire peninsula, and then the land around the Mediterranean Sea  Included land on Asia, Europe, and Africa  Roman civilization lasted for more than 1,000 years From Village to Empire

  Monarchy  Ruled by kings  Republic  Rule by the people  Empire  Age of emperors  Height of Roman civilization Roman History – 3 Eras

The Age of Kings

 Key Terms  Palatine Hill  Paterfamilias  Pales  Virgil  Livy (Titus Livius)  Romulus and Remus  Senate  Pontifex Maximus  Pontifex maximus  Ostia  Etruscans  Augury  Haruspicy  Servian Wall  century

  Palatine Hill  First of the seven hills to be settled  Hills offered protection  How did they build their homes? The Age of Kings

  Rome is 16 miles away from the coast, which allows people to fish and transport goods.  Rome is far enough inland to be safe from pirates.  City was built on a hill so they could see enemies.  The city looked over the place where the Tiber was most easily crossed. Advantages to Rome’s Location

  Families  Divided into clans, or gens  Head of the family (oldest male) - paterfamilias  Religion  Believed in spirits related to nature  Pales = goddess of shepherds and sheep  Jupiter = sky god, most important The Hilltop Villages

  Myths and legends give a more interesting take on the founding of Rome  The Aeneid by Virgil The Aeneid  An epic about the final days of the Trojan War and the travels of Aeneas, a prince of Troy who fled to seek a new home after the war. Legends of the Founding of Rome

  Story passed down over generations  Livy (Titus Livius)  Roman historian who recorded the story  Twins born to Rhea Silva and, supposedly, Mars  Her father is King Numitor of Alba Longa (descendent of Aeneas)  Uncle, Amulius, overthrows her father and tries to have the twins killed…why?  Servant sends them downstream in a basket, found by a she- wolf, who nurses them.  Later found by a shepherd who raises them. Romulus and Remus

  They return to Alba Longa, kill Amulius, and return power to Numitor  Return to the place of their discovery, but can’t decide where to build their city.  Remus choses Aventine Hill – why?  Romulus choses Palatine Hill – why?  Romulus marks his city…what does Remus do? Romulus and Remus

  After killing his brother, Romulus continues to build his city  Names it after himself – Rome  Significance of April 21 st ?  Romulus builds an army and expands the territory  Sabines  Neighboring tribe  Women don’t want to see fighting and end the battle  Sabines become allies of Rome Romulus

  What epic poem tells the story of Aeneas? Who was its author?  The Aeneid; Virgil  What was remarkable about the childhood of the legendary Romulus and Remus?  The twins were thrown into a river in a basket, rescued and raised by a wolf, and adopted by a shepherd.  How might a legendary beginning make a country or empire more stable? Rome’s Legendary Origins

  Most of what we know comes from the writings of Livy.  How are Livy and Herodotus similar?  Seven kings ruled Rome (Romulus was the 1 st )  King advised by the Senate (older men, “senex”)  Comitia Curiata  Assembly of ordinary townsmen  Kings duties to: 1.Lead the army 2.Judge major disputes 3.Offer sacrifices to the gods The First Roman Kings

  Numa Pompilius (King #2)  Created special priesthoods for religious ceremonies  Pontifices  Pontifex maximus (highest priest)  Flamens (sacred priests)  Vestal Virgins (guarded the sacred flames of the hearth in Rome) The First Roman Kings

  Numa built a Temple to Janus – god of beginnings and transitions  Revised the lunar calendar  Organized the workers of Rome into guilds  Distributed land to the poor  Numa ruled peacefully for many years. Numa Pompilius

  Total opposite of Numa  Warlike, wanted to expand  Tullus attacked Alba Longa  Rather then go to war, they each selected a family brothers to fight it out. Tullus Hostilius (#3)

  Built Rome’s first:  Prison  Bridge – Pons Sublicious (“bridge on pilings”)  Took control of the mouth of the Tiber and founded Ostia – a port city and salt collection center. Ancus Marcius (#4)

  Trade, as we have seen, leads the Romans to the Etruscans  Arrived from Asia Minor around 800 B.C.E.  Settled in Etruria (north of the Tiber)  Created farmland  Mined for iron, copper, and tin  Traded their tools and weapons  Expanded their territory  Women held high place in culture; heredity traced through females The Etruscans

 Etruscans and Greeks  Greeks settled on the SE coast of Italy and Sicily  Etruscans and Greeks traded  Trade spreads culture  Etruscans adapted many Greek religious beliefs  Augury  Haruspicy

  Also, the written alphabet – basis for ours! Etruscans and Greeks

  Believed in an afterlife  Wealthy class buried in stone tombs dug into large mounds of earth  Had multiple rooms, decorated with frescoes Etruscan Way of Life

  Etruscan civilization grew to include land between the Tiber and Arno Rivers  Wealthy Etruscans lured by the seven hills of Rome The Etruscans Rule Rome

  Wealthy Etruscan nobleman  Moved to Rome with his wife, Tanaquil  She was a prophetess  Saw the eagle taking his cap, flying away, then returning the cap, as an omen that he would be king  He got to know Ancus Marcius (King #4)  When Ancus died, Tarquinius sent his sons away and took over the throne Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (#5)

  Raised the number of Senators to 300  Increased the size of the army  Defeated the Sabines and others  Expanded the empire into Latium  Built the:  Cloaca Maxima (main sewer of the city)  Circus Maximus (“great circle”)  A racetrack where chariot races were held  He started the temple of Jupiter  (King #7 finished it) Tarquinius

  Etruscans brought new ideas in farming:  Drained the marshes to aid in farming  Crop rotation and fertilization  Crops – olives and grapes

  Tarquinius was killed by the sons of Ancus (What happened when Ancus died?)  Servius Tullius becomes King #6  Was not elected by the Senate  He was popular  Built first fortification around the seven hills – the Servian Wall  Five miles around  19 gates The Later Kings

 Also built:  Temple of Diana on Aventine Hill  Continued work on temple of Jupiter on Capitoline Hill  Implemented the world’s first census  Counted all landowners  Conducted every 5 years  Divided the people into 5 classes based on wealth  Each class had to contribute to the army  He had a daughter named Tullia Servius Tullius (#6)

  Tullia was married to Lucius Tarquinius  He was the son of Tarquinius Priscus (King #5)  Tullia wanted her husband to be king  He went to the Senate, in royal robes, and proclaimed himself king.  Servius hears of this, but is stabbed by assassins hired by Tarquinius.  When Tullia was on her way home, her carriage ran over the body of her father, Servius  Street renamed “ Vicus Sceleratus ” – the street of shame The Death of Servius

 (Lucius) Tarquinius Superbus (#7)  “Tarquin the Proud”  Tyrant, haughty and cruel  Expanded army and territory  Completed the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus and other projects to show his power

  Romans did not like the Etruscans  They resented their rule – Etruscan leaders (Kings 5, 6, and 7)  Things go from bad to worse…  A son of Tarquinius attacks Lucretia, the wife of a well-known Roman  She was known for her beauty and honor  She was so upset by the attack that she took her own life The Etruscans Are Defeated

  A rebellion by Brutus and Collatinus (Lucretia’s husband) drove the Etruscans out  Senate declared they wanted no more kings  Leads to the founding of the republic The Etruscans Are Defeated

Tarquinius Superbus The Death of Lucretia, Jerome Preudhomme, 1784

 1.According to legend, Remus named the city of Rome after his brother Romulus. FALSE! Romulus named the city after himself. 2.Roman records show that Rome’s last three kings were not Romans, but Etruscans. TRUE! 3.The Roman Republic is said to have been founded by Rome’s last king, who was known for his visionary leadership and kindness. FALSE! The last Roman king was said to have been cruel, and a group of nobles rose up against him to create a new government. True or False?