The Unification of Italy and the first troubles ’s

The 1830’s The 1830’s revolutions began in France WHY? 1. The new King, Charles X was a reactionary 2. Abolished the Constitution drafted by his predecessor, Luis XVIII 3. Gave many privileges to the Aristocracy and the Clergy 4. Started a military campaign against Algeria

The events July 1830: Charles X drafted new laws 1. Right to vote just for Aristocracy 2. New Parliament, devote to him 3. Abolished freedom of the press Revolt! The people force the king to escape in England New King: Luis Philippe. A Constitutional King

In Europe Belgium : the riots were successful Poland : the revolution was a disaster Modena : a total failure

March, 3 rd Agitations all over the Hapsburg empire Hungarian liberals, leaded by Kossuth, claim for self govern Form a liberal govern headed by Count Lajos Batthyàny. March, 4th King of Sardegna drafts a Constitution, the Italian Constitution The Pontifical State institutes a Council of representatives to support the Ecclesiastic hierarchy with legislative activity March 13th Revolutionary wave reaches Vienna The people (mainly bourgeois and students) raises against the government Metternich abandons the Country The Austrian emperor abolishes censure and promises a Constitutional Assembly to be formed 1848

The Quarantotto (1848) A new wind on Europe March: Riots in Milan against Austria THE CINQUE GIORNATE: March Piedmont declare war on Austria The Papacy and the Kingdom of Due Sicilie Join the Piedmontese army

Carlo Alberto invades Lombardia

First War of Independence, 1848 The Revolution moves from France, to Italy, Poland Raising in Berlin and Vienna April 1848 : all the Italian States join the Piedmontese in the war against Austria Patriots’ Enthusiasm is on top April, 29th The pope turns back, and recalls his army (Austria is a catholic empire!) The others do the same

May, 30th Piedmont defeats Austrian in Goito, but do not take advantage of this victory and the Austrian can reorganize the army

February The Granduca of Tuscany escapes from his region and hides in Gaeta Temporary govern in Florence 1849 March Piemonte attaks Austria again, is defeated French intervention in Rome, they are defeated by a young general: Giuseppe Garibaldi In Rome is formed a new govern, The Repubblica leaded by the three: Mazzini, Armellini e Saffi Soft policy, but France cannot accept the pope to be dethroned

April, 12 th Pope, Pius 9 th settled back under French protection Constitution is abolished and a conservative policy is adopted 1850

NOVEMBER Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, leader of the Liberal party is Minister of Trade

Failure of 1848/49 riots Failure of the moderate and democratic program (fall of the Roman and Florentine Republics): 1. The romantic feeling fades 2. The Risorgimento assumes now a political feature

The movement is now in the hands of the Sabaudian Monarchy, and Count Camillo Benso of Cavour Italy would have been unified not by the people, but by: 1. Diplomacy 2. French military help 3. Annexing

Modest participation of lower classes to the process Popular revolts in Southern Italy, around the 1860’s, but just because they wanted the property of lands A big problem, never solved completely

The Expedition of the Mille A great chance to transform the Risorgimento in a popular movement Many people, especially young, left their own cities, studies, families to go into a far land and fight for an ideal of freedom and liberty Garibaldi promised he would have conquered Sicily and take the power to form a temporary dictatorial govern Abolish taxes on grain Abolish taxes on cereals Abolish rents on lands Reform the latifondo, the southern rural structure

March 1860: Napoleon III was the main obstacle for Piedmont The Regno delle Due Sicilie was the only possible target 1. Diplomatically isolated 2. The king, Ferdinand II, was inexpert and young 3. Great Britain was against the Southern Italian kingdom

But the Regno delle Due Sicilie was not an easy target... 93,000 soldiers The most modern sea fleet The Papacy

La spedizione 1162 men sailed from Quarto, the younger was 10! MAY 5, 1860 MAY 14, the MILLE are in Sicily

November 13, Siege of Gaeta February the Bourbons are exiled MARCH 17, 1861 Italy is a Nation!

Text The evolution

Italy, 1859Italy, 1860

Italy, 1861 Italy, 1866

Italy, 1870

In synthesis: The three phases of Risorgimento 1. ( ) Preparation - revolutionary movements - anti-Austrian wars (5 days of Milan) - failure of the republican program 2. ( ). Realization - Alliance with France and the Emperor Napoleon 3 rd - Piedmont of Cavour and Vittorio Emanuele II unified Italy 3. ( ). Collapse - Conquest of Rome - Rise of Liberal State - WWI

Coming next ’s-1890’s The Liberal State and the troubles of a new Nation