Pre-Civil War: Decade of Crisis 1850-1860. Institution of Slavery l Eli Whitney - Cotton Gin l Nat Turner’s Revolt 1831 l Missouri Compromise 1820 –36.

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Presentation transcript:

Pre-Civil War: Decade of Crisis

Institution of Slavery l Eli Whitney - Cotton Gin l Nat Turner’s Revolt 1831 l Missouri Compromise 1820 –36 degrees 30 minutes

Compromise of 1850 l California (49ers) apply to become a FREE state –Popular Sovereignty l South Rejects l Compromise proposed by Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Stephen Douglas

They Propose: l Allow California in as free state (Northern Victory) l Create New Mexico and Utah territories without restrictions about slavery l Stricter fugitive slave law (Southern Victory...hurt Underground RR)

Results of Compromise of 1850 l 4 Southern States threaten to secede l North upset about fugitive slave law

Uncle Tom's Cabin l Harriet Beecher Stowe - l 1852 l Dramatic account of a slave fighting for freedom Result...more people wanting to abolish slavery

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) l Background (RR, etc) l Stephen Douglas, Senator (ILL) He Proposes: –Create Kansas and Nebraska Territories –Scrap the Missouri Compromise (36 degrees 30 minutes). Instead, allow Popular Sovereignty

Results of the K-N Act l Stephen Douglas -very ambitious l Birth of the new Republican Party l Helped unify the North l Bleeding Kansas

"Bleeding Kansas"- miniature Civil War l Election l War –Free Soil Group...John Brown

Dred Scott Decision l Background l Supreme Court (Chief Justice Roger Taney) decides: –Slaves = 3/5ths of a person, so NO RIGHT to sue –Slave=Property – Congress cannot restrict property within TERRITORIES.

Results of Dred Scott Ruling: l Wipes out: –Kansas-Nebraska Act –Idea of Popular Sovereignty l Huge Southern Victory l Outrages & Unifies Republicans

Other Important Events of the Late 1850’s l Lincoln-Douglas Debates l John Brown’s Raid...attack US Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia

Election of 1860 l 4 Political Parties!

Republicans l Northern Party l RESTRICT slavery, not abolish it l Abraham Lincoln from ILL

Northern Democrats l Demos split l Northern Democrats supported Stephen Douglas and popular sovereignty

Southern Democrats l More radical, want slavery legal everywhere l Selected John Breckinridge (Tenn), current VP under Buchanan

Constitutional Union Party l Wanted a compromise over slavery l Selected John Bell (Tenn)

Popular Vote Totals Lincoln wins with only 40% of Popular Vote

What should the Southern States do? What options do they have?

Secession l President James Buchanan- “Lame Duck” l December South Carolina Secedes l What should Buchanan do??? l Is secession irrational???

Confederate States of America l By Feb, 1861, most of the South is gone l Elect Jefferson Davis (Mississippi) as President l Select Richmond (Virginia) as Capitol l Flag (11 states, yet 13 stars)

Strengths and Weaknesses l North –(Union, Blue, Yankees) l South –(Confederacy, Gray, Rebels) Border States

The Battles Begin l Fort Sumter (Charleston, S. C.) l 1st Bull Run –“Stonewall” Jackson l Naval Warfare l Union has Navy –Ironclad Warship (forerunner to battleships) Monitor v Merrimack (Virginia) March 1862

War in the West l Shiloh (Tenn) April 1862 l New Orleans and the Mississippi River l Battle and Seige of Vicksburg (Miss) –Heavily fortified city with RR –47 day seige of city –Major turing point of war –Union splits south & gets River –Grant v. Pemberton

War in the East l Robert E. Lee, Confederate General l Battle of Antietam (Maryland) –Sept George McClellan

Lincoln changes War - Emancipation Proclamation

War in the East (continued) l Union Commanders-- "Revolving Door" –Fredricksburg (VA) Dec, Ambrose Burnside –Chancellorsville (VA) Spring Joe Hooker –Gettysburg (Penn) July George Meade

Gettysburg l Lee invades North l July 3 - "Pickett's Charge" (Gen.George Pickett, confederate) l Great Union Victory & Major turning point of War l Meade fails to chase Lee l Gettysburg Address (Lincoln)

East (continued) l “Revolving Door” - ( cont) U.S. Grant in charge (1864-) l William Tecumseh Sherman's "March to the Sea"... (Total War) - Atlanta to Savannah

The Ending l Appomattox Courthouse (April 9, 1865 ) Lee surrenders

Factors of War l First American “Draft” l War’s Deadly Cost

Lincoln's Assassination l April 14, Fords Theatre l "American Cousin" play l John Wilkes Booth l Democrat Andrew Johnson will lead Reconstruction efforts