SECESSION … AND THE CIVIL WAR

The Deep South Secedes (1/2) South Carolina secedes1860--South Carolina secedes 1861—CSA formed1861—CSA formed – included South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas

The Deep South Secedes (2) CSA government headed by moderatesCSA government headed by moderates CSA constitution resembles U.S.CSA constitution resembles U.S. Southerners hope to attract Northern states into ConfederacySoutherners hope to attract Northern states into Confederacy

The Failure of Compromise Crittenden Plan: extend the Missouri Compromise line to the PacificCrittenden Plan: extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Lincoln rejectsLincoln rejects – does not think it will end secession – viewed as repudiation of Republican principles Buchanan takes no action to stop secessionBuchanan takes no action to stop secession Some wish to “let the South depart in peace”Some wish to “let the South depart in peace”

And the “Rebellion” Came … North seeks action to preserve UnionNorth seeks action to preserve Union April 13, Fort Sumter, S.C, fallsApril 13, Fort Sumter, S.C, falls April 15--Lincoln calls out Northern state militias to suppress Southern “insurrection”April 15--Lincoln calls out Northern state militias to suppress Southern “insurrection” April-May--Upper South secedesApril-May--Upper South secedes Border states--slave states remain in UnionBorder states--slave states remain in Union War defined as effort to preserve UnionWar defined as effort to preserve Union

Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861

Prospects, Plans, and Expectations South adopts defensive strategy--North must fight in unfamiliar, hostile terrainSouth adopts defensive strategy--North must fight in unfamiliar, hostile terrain Lincoln adopts following strategies:Lincoln adopts following strategies: – capture Confederate capital, Richmond, Va. – seize control of the Mississippi River – deploy navy to blockade Southern ports

Mobilizing the Home Fronts North & South begin conscription1862--North & South begin conscription Northern mobilizationNorthern mobilization – finance war through taxes, bonds, paper money – private industry supplies Union armies well Confederate mobilizationConfederate mobilization – government arsenals supply CSA armies – efforts to finance lead to inflation – transportation system inadequate

Political Leadership: Northern Success and Southern Failure Lincoln expands wartime powersLincoln expands wartime powers – declares martial law – imprisons 10,000 "subversives" without trial (write of habeas corpus) – briefly closed down a few newspapers Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis – concerned mainly with military duties – neglects civilian morale, economy – lacks influence with state governments

The Diplomatic Struggle EnglandEngland – belligerent rights extended to Confederacy – conditions recognition of independence on proof that South can win independence France--CSA not recognized unless England does so firstFrance--CSA not recognized unless England does so first "King Cotton" has little influence on foreign policy of other nations"King Cotton" has little influence on foreign policy of other nations

Fight to the Finish North adopts radical measures to winNorth adopts radical measures to win war turns against South1863--war turns against South Southern resistance continuesSouthern resistance continues

The Coming of Emancipation Antietam prompts preliminary Emancipation Proclamation1862--Antietam prompts preliminary Emancipation Proclamation – surrender in 100 days or lose slaves Proclamation put into effect for areas still in rebellion1863--Proclamation put into effect for areas still in rebellion African Americans flee to Union linesAfrican Americans flee to Union lines Confederacy loses thousands of laborersConfederacy loses thousands of laborers

African Americans and the War 200,000 Black Union troops200,000 Black Union troops Many others labor in Northern war effortMany others labor in Northern war effort Lincoln pushes further for black rightsLincoln pushes further for black rights – organizes governments in conquered Southern states that abolish slavery – Maryland, Missouri abolish slavery – th Amendment (?) passed

The Tide Turns May, war-wearinessMay, war-weariness – New York riots against draft – Grant seems bogged down at Vicksburg – Union defeated at Chancellorsville – Democrats attack Lincoln July, 1863July, 1863 – Lee loses Battle of Gettysburg – Vicksburg falls, North holds the Mississippi

Last Stages of the Conflict March 9, 1864—US Grant made supreme commander of Union armiesMarch 9, 1864—US Grant made supreme commander of Union armies Union invades the South on all frontsUnion invades the South on all fronts – Sherman marches through Georgia – Grant lays siege to Richmond September 2--Sherman takes AtlantaSeptember 2--Sherman takes Atlanta November 8--Lincoln reelectedNovember 8--Lincoln reelected

Last Stages of the Conflict April 9, Lee surrendersApril 9, Lee surrenders April 14--Lincoln assassinatedApril 14--Lincoln assassinated May 26--Final capitulation of ConfederacyMay 26--Final capitulation of Confederacy

Effects of the War (1/2) 618,000 troops dead618,000 troops dead 4 million blacks free, not equal4 million blacks free, not equal

Casualties of War

Effects of the War (2) Federal government predominant over statesFederal government predominant over states Federal government takes activist role in the economyFederal government takes activist role in the economy –higher tariffs, free land, national banking system

An Organizational Revolution Modern bureaucratic state emergesModern bureaucratic state emerges Individualism gives way to organized, cooperative activityIndividualism gives way to organized, cooperative activity Catalyst for transformation of American society in the late nineteenth centuryCatalyst for transformation of American society in the late nineteenth century