Equality of all men in question Both sides fighting to preserve their traditions Brother vs brother---family vs family 1 out of 4 soldiers would die in this conflict Confederate Flag controversial in our society today. Slavery abolished, African Americans become citizens with the right to vote Alternative Names of the War: War for Southern Independence War Against Northern Aggression.

DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THE WAR  Slavery war to blame  State’s rights vs. National Government  Agricultural vs. industrial societies  Sectionalism  Preserve the Union and democracy

GRAY/CSA Confederate States of AmericaConfederate States of America President Jefferson DavisPresident Jefferson Davis Capital: Richmond, VACapital: Richmond, VA Rebs------Rebels---”Johnny Rebs”Rebs------Rebels---”Johnny Rebs” Secessh SeccessionSecessh Seccession GraycoatsGraycoats Yellow belliesYellow bellies BLUE/USA United States of America or UnionUnited States of America or Union President Abraham LincolnPresident Abraham Lincoln Capital: Washington, D.C.Capital: Washington, D.C. Union Yanks-Yankees Blue coatsUnion Yanks-Yankees Blue coats

Fort Sumter –the first battle of the American Civil War. –A southern fort that was still under federal control. –Confederate militias attacked the fort and won the battle. Union army gave up the fort without any casualties

Picture: Fort Sumter 1

Fort Sumter 2

Lincoln wrote to the antislavery editor Horace Greeley in August 1862, even as he was about to announce the Emancipation Proclamation: “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.”

 Aggressive offensive to crush the rebellion. –War of attrition: South has less manpower…  Gen Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan –Control river systems: Ohio and Mississippi –Blockade and seizure of ports  War goal: Preserve Union and later abolish slavery  Capture Richmond  Don’t allow Confederacy to rest.  Napoleonic tactics at first----later “trench warfare”

 Defend and delay until Union gives up  Quick victories to demoralize Union  Alliance with Great Britain  Capture Washington, D.C.  Defend Capital of Richmond  Sought decisive battle that would convince the Union it wasn’t worth it  Use better military leadership to its advantage and outsmart Union generals.

Battle of Bull Run (1 st Manassas), July, 1861 Lincoln sent 30,000 inexperienced soldiers to fight at Bull Run.

 a stream about 25 miles from Washington DC.  The battle was an important victory for the Confederate troops  Proved that the Confederates could fight with Union soldiers  Confederate troops were better organized and forced the Union army to retreat

Northern troops were pushed back to D.C. Confederate victor, failed to capture Washington, D.C. Would never again be so close to Washington, D.C. Northern troops were pushed back to D.C. Confederate victor, failed to capture Washington, D.C. Would never again be so close to Washington, D.C. Battle of Bull Run (1 st Manassas), July, 1861

 Professional development of officers.  1802 West Point is formed  55 of 60 largest battles, both sides were commanded by West Pointers.  Artillery and Infantry schools opened  Professional staff begins in earnest  Greater independence for military leaders.  Politicians focus on strategy and are less involved in operational and tactical decisions.  Mexican War  Many leaders on both sides gain valuable experience.  First great post-Industrial Revolution war.

 Outdated muskets replaced with rifle –greatly changes tactics. –more accurate, faster loading, fire more rounds than muskets –Minié ball (more destructive bullet) –Cold Harbor –Cold Harbor: 2k dead in 20 minutes, another 5k wounded.  Calvary used for reconnaissance –Scouting and skirmishes  Artillery –invention of shells, devices that exploded in the air. –fired canisters, special shells filled with bullets. –Grenades –land mines are used  Ironclads –replaces wooden ships  Trench warfare replaces Napoleonic tactics

– at Antietam Creek in Sharpsburg, MD – Bloodiest day of the war Confederate suffered over 11,000 casualties –Union Victory General Lee was forced to retreat in VA –Union victory enabled Lincoln to produce the Emancipation Proclamation He was waiting for a convincing Union victory before he would announce EP.

civil-war/battle-of-antietam civil-war/battle-of-antietam

Grant vs Lee Graduate from West Point, 1843 Served in the Mexican War Shoe salesman before the War Successful in Western Theater Appointed by Lincoln in 1864 to command all Union forces The Butcher Goal: Unconditional Surrender Supported “total war” concept Graduate from West Point, 1843 Served in the Mexican War Shoe salesman before the War Successful in Western Theater Appointed by Lincoln in 1864 to command all Union forces The Butcher Goal: Unconditional Surrender Supported “total war” concept Graduate from West Point, 1829 Served in the Mexican War Arrested John Brown Lincoln asked Lee to head up the Union Army Refused because of loyalty to Virginia. Defeated Union in battles from 1861 to 1863 in the Eastern theater Excellent in military strategy Graduate from West Point, 1829 Served in the Mexican War Arrested John Brown Lincoln asked Lee to head up the Union Army Refused because of loyalty to Virginia. Defeated Union in battles from 1861 to 1863 in the Eastern theater Excellent in military strategy Ulysses S Grant Robert E Lee

On July 4, 1863 Turning point of the war –Battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg both huge Union victories

Vicksburg/Gettysburg Grant captures Vicksburg, splits the CSA in half. USA controls the Mississippi River. Grant captures Vicksburg, splits the CSA in half. USA controls the Mississippi River.

On July 4, 1863  30,000 Confederate troops defending Vicksburg surrendered their arms.  Grant captured 260 cannons, 60,000 stand- of-arms, and more than 2 million rounds of ammunition.  Former slaves celebrated Independence Day for the first time.  4 days later, the Mississippi River was in the hands of the Union army  Effectively cutting the Confederacy in two.

Vicksburg/Gettysburg General Lee invades the North South’s last chance to capture Washington, D.C. General Lee invades the North South’s last chance to capture Washington, D.C.

General Lee orders a frontal assault on Union lines to break through, surround and destroy the North. General George Pickett

Gettysburg Casualties The defeat of Lee at Gettysburg would be the last time Lee would invade the North and try to take Washington, D.C. Lee’s retreat at Gettysburg on July 3 rd and Grant’s defeat of the South at Vicksburg on July 4 th would lead to the eventual surrender of the South by 1865.

civil-war/battle-of-gettysburg civil-war/battle-of-gettysburg civil-war/battle-of-gettysburg/videos/the- battle-of-gettysburg civil-war/battle-of-gettysburg/videos/the- battle-of-gettysburg

à On November 19, 1863, some 15,000 people gathered at Gettysburg to honor the Union soldiers who had died there just four months before. à President Lincoln delivered a two-minute speech which became known as the Gettysburg Address. à He reminded people that the Civil War was being fought to preserve a country that upheld the principles of freedom, equality, and self-government. à The Gettysburg Address has become one of the best- loved and most-quoted speeches in the English language. à It expresses grief at the terrible cost of war and the importance of preserving the Union. Gettysburg Address

 After Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg, President Lincoln appointed General Grant as the Commanding General of all Union troops.  Grant commanded the Army of the Potomac in the East and was instructed by Lincoln to force General Lee to surrender.  Grant appointed his 2nd in command General William T. Sherman to head up the Army of the West.  It is here that Lincoln, Grant and Sherman devise a new strategy of “total war”

William T. Sherman  Tactic of war Union marched through the South and destroyed all resources the civilian population needed to survive.  Goal  Goal: To make war as horrible and destructive as possible to force your enemy to surrender.  Tactic of war Union marched through the South and destroyed all resources the civilian population needed to survive.  Goal  Goal: To make war as horrible and destructive as possible to force your enemy to surrender.

William T. Sherman  Grant’s right hand general  Fought with Grant in the West  Most noted for this saying: “War is hell and the worse you make it the sooner it will be over.”  Put in charge of the Army of the West  Responsible for the March to the Sea and using “total war” in destroying the South. William T. Sherman

Sherman’s March through Georgia to the Sea, 1864

Total War 1

Total War 3

Total War 2

Appomattox Court House, Virginia –Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrenders to Union General Ulysses S. Grant –Ends the Civil War

A fanatical confederate sympathizer A professional and extremely popular stage actor of his day. Assassinated Abraham Lincoln April 14, 1865 Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. escaped after the assassination would be found in a barn 21 days later Fatality wounded when captured John Wilkes Booth

Lincoln’s death

Lasting Impressions of the Civil War