“My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving other alone, I would also do that.” – Abraham Lincoln

Early Abe

Late Abe

Causes of CW Sectionalism (Social & Economic) Sectionalism (Social & Economic) State vs Federal State vs Federal Free vs Slave States (Compromises) Free vs Slave States (Compromises) Abolition Movement Abolition Movement Lincoln’s Election Lincoln’s Election

- population - 22 million - 90% of ind. goods, esp. munitions - efficient railroad system - controlled the navy, which could be used to blockade s. ports and shut down the s. eco. - but would have to fight an offensive war (long supply lines, unfamiliar territory...) - capable mil. leaders, inc. Ulysses S. Grant

Confederates had excellent generals too - Robert E. Lee and Thomas Jackson Confederates had excellent generals too - Robert E. Lee and Thomas Jackson Defending is always easier than attacking - (familiar w/climate and territory, possible psychological advantages) Defending is always easier than attacking - (familiar w/climate and territory, possible psychological advantages) Farmers fight better than factory workers Farmers fight better than factory workers Profitable eco. based on cotton exports Profitable eco. based on cotton exports But disadvantages…a smaller pop. of 9 million (inc. 3.5 million slaves) But disadvantages…a smaller pop. of 9 million (inc. 3.5 million slaves) had to import ind. goods; very had to import ind. goods; very little munitions production

North vs South Population= bigger Population= bigger Money/Resources Money/Resources Railroads/infrasturture Railroads/infrasturture Weapons/ Strong Navy Weapons/ Strong Navy Fed Government Fed Government Industry?Factory Industry?Factory Difficulties Difficulties Leadership good but not strong until later during war Leadership good but not strong until later during war Split on over slavery Split on over slavery Offensive war Offensive war Smaller pop Smaller pop Stronger Leaders Stronger Leaders Defensive war; their turf Defensive war; their turf Passion for a cause deeply personal Passion for a cause deeply personal Skilled fighters Skilled fighters  Difficulties  $$, smaller population, transportation  Weak Navy

Mathew Brady Mathew Brady Grant Lee

Photos from Brady expose Photos from Brady expose the horrors of war. Andersonville Confederate Andersonville Confederate Camp: 15% Union prisoners die (under Union care, 12%) Vietnam War 1 in 400 Vietnam War 1 in 400 wounded died, CW: 1 out 6

During the Battle of Antietam, Clara Barton tended the wounded so close to the fighting that a bullet went through her sleeve and killed a man she was treating. United States Sanitary Commission Nursing Corps: 3,200 women served both sides Barton founded American Red Cross in 1881 Brazen departure from “proper sphere” For every soldier killed, 2 died of disease (gangrene, tetanus, typhoid, malaria, dysentery) Andersonville, GA CSA prison camp 3, 000/month (32,000 total) died by August 1864 The war did not bring progress on political or economic equality; men saw compelling reasons to abolish slavery, not to grant women’s suffrage

Quick Recap on Causes Quick Recap on Causes Sectionalism: State Rights vs Nationalism (federal govt has power) Sectionalism: State Rights vs Nationalism (federal govt has power) Southern agrarian, slave culture vs Northern Industry Southern agrarian, slave culture vs Northern Industry Territorial expansion of slavery Territorial expansion of slavery

Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” 23,000 casualties September 17, 1862

It freed the slaves only in states that have seceded from the Union. It freed the slaves only in states that have seceded from the Union. It did not free slaves in border states. It did not free slaves in border states. Fight till the end Fight till the end Changes focus of war from preserving Union to Slavery Changes focus of war from preserving Union to Slavery

Lincoln’s 10% Plan Offers Southern States admission back into Union (forgiving) Offers Southern States admission back into Union (forgiving) 10% of each state’s population has to swear an oath of allegiance to the Union 10% of each state’s population has to swear an oath of allegiance to the Union Readmitted without consequence Readmitted without consequence Can keep property (not slaves) Can keep property (not slaves)

Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack the North on its own territory July 1-3, BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, Pa. Confed. bombardment; Union held firm on July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed them down (= "Pickett’s Charge") Lee was defeated and retreated to Virgnia Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere. Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days It was the last time the South invaded the North.

Gettysburg Address A. Lincoln Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion, that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."

that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Abe Lincoln Abe Lincoln

The Monitor

After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union Army After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union Army Initially they were only used for manual labor Initially they were only used for manual labor Eventually, Blacks saw live combat Eventually, Blacks saw live combat 54 th regiment out of Massachusetts 54 th regiment out of Massachusetts William Carney

APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE April 3, Grant took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's army April 3, Grant took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's army Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at All Confed. troops forced to take an oath of loyalty to U.S. Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at All Confed. troops forced to take an oath of loyalty to U.S. otherwise, terms of surrender were lenient otherwise, terms of surrender were lenient Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and further conflict Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and further conflict issue of states' rights now "solved"- fed. gov't had asserted its status issue of states' rights now "solved"- fed. gov't had asserted its status

After four bloody years of civil war, the South was defeated.

Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.

EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR creation of a single unified country creation of a single unified country abolition of slavery abolition of slavery increased power to fed. gov't – killed the issue of states rights increased power to fed. gov't – killed the issue of states rights U.S. now an industrial nation U.S. now an industrial nation a stronger sense of nationalism a stronger sense of nationalism w. lands increasingly opened to settlement w. lands increasingly opened to settlement South was economically and physically devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained... South was economically and physically devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained...

Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)

Lincoln’s box at Ford’s Theater Assassinated on April 14, Died on April 15 John Wilkes Booth fled; captured within two weeks by Union troops

The Assassin John Wilkes Booth “I have done it, the South is avenged!...or Did he say something else?” “Tell my mother I died for my country. The institution of "African slavery", "is one of the greatest blessings that God has ever bestowed upon a favored nation" and Lincoln's policy was one of "total annihilation"”

Execution of conspirators Mary Surratt, Lewis Paine, David Herold, and George Atzerodt on July 7, 1865