淡江資管碩專一 799630180 許瀞文 799630081 陳雅玲 指導教授：戴敏育 博士 報告日期：2011.03.26 Soft Systems Methodology -Peter Checkland “Soft Systems Methodology: A Thirty YearRetrospective” Systems Research and Behavioral Science Syst. Res. 17, S11–S58 (2000) 淡江資管碩專一 799630180 許瀞文 799630081 陳雅玲 指導教授：戴敏育 博士 報告日期：2011.03.26

Agenda Overview History The 7-Stage Approach of SSM CATWOE  Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems  Outcomes and applications of SSM

Overview Problem Situation

Overview Hard v.s. Soft 實體論 v.s. 認識論 Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology Soft systems methodology 來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology

Overview Soft systems methodology “is a framework which does not force or lead the systems analyst to a particular ‘solution’, rather to an understanding” -- Hirschheim et al. (1995:242) 一個框架，不強制或導致系統分析員特定的解決方案'，而是要理解 來源 : http://www.idi.ntnu.no/grupper/su/publ/html/totland/ch0526.htm Beyond the information systems outsourcing bandwagon: The insourcing response --- Lacity, Mary Cecelia & Hirschheim, R. A.

History 1966 Gwilym Jenkins , University of Lancaster 1969 使用系統工程的方法解決管理問題 1969 Peter Checkland Brian Wilson Checkland, P. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice, John Wiley & Sons, London, 1981. Soft Systems Methodology: A Thirty Year Retrospectivea http://www.eulacias.org/materiales/caso_uy/curso_coinnovacion_2010/modulo2/materiales/soft_systems_methodology_retrospective_checkland_2000.pdf 來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology

The 7-Stage Approach of SSM entering the problem situation, expressing the problem situation, formulating root definitions of relevant systems, building Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems, comparing the models with the real world, defining changes that are desirable and feasible, and taking action to improve the real world situation. 來源:Checkland, P. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice

來源 : http://www.idi.ntnu.no/grupper/su/publ/html/totland/ch0526.htm

來源:Checkland, P. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice

CATWOE Game Rule Criterion 思考方向

CATWOE Clients – Who are the beneficiaries or victims of this particular system? (Who would benefit or suffer from its operations?) Actors – Who are responsible for implementing this system? (Who would carry out the activities which make this system work?) 來源:Checkland, P. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice

CATWOE Transformation – What transformation does this system bring about? (What are the inputs and what transformation do they go through to become the outputs?) Weltanschauung (or Worldview) – What particular worldview justifies the existence of this system? (What point of view makes this system meaningful?) 來源:Checkland, P. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice

CATWOE Owner – Who has the authority to abolish this system or change its measures of performance? Environmental constraints – Which external constraints does this system take as a given? 來源:Checkland, P. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice

Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems To represent a viewpoint Not intended to represent real world’s objects 來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology

Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems Form of bubble diagrams Descriptions of activities are enclosed in bubbles Bubbles link to each other by arrows Arrows are intended to represent logical dependency 來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology

Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems Using verbs in the imperative Write down activities necessary to carry out the transformation Aim for 7 plus or minus 2 activities that are at the same scale Select activities which could be done at once (Soft Systems - Modified December 2005, Bob Williams, The Kellogg Foundation)

Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems Place these activities in a line Then those are dependent on these first activities in a line Continue until all are accounted for (Soft Systems - Modified December 2005, Bob Williams, The Kellogg Foundation)

Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems Indicate the dependencies Rearrange to avoid overlapping arrows where possible Add a means of assessing performance Include the aspects of the environment identified in CATWOE Check (Soft Systems - Modified December 2005, Bob Williams, The Kellogg Foundation)

Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems An ongoing purpose A means of assessing performance A decision taking process Components that are also systems Components that are interact An environment Resources Continuity (Soft Systems - Modified December 2005, Bob Williams, The Kellogg Foundation)

來源:http://www.bryanhopkins.co.uk/learning_design/soft_systems.htm

來源:http://www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm 來源:http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=852235&show=html

來源:http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jors/journal/v60/n2/full/2602542a.html

Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems Checkland - limited to a small number (seven, plus or minus two) of bubbles Cybernetics - the main activities are always supplemented by bubbles representing monitor and control systems Wilson's Information Requirements Analysis - may expand to include hundreds of bubbles, and the monitor and control systems are dropped. 來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology

Outcomes and applications of SSM Learning system Part of a new paradigm for Operational Research A front-end for information system design 來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology

Outcomes and applications of SSM Address any kind of unstructured soft problem in any organizational or social context Function as a learning system by facilitating a greater understanding of the problem situation Produce various types of result by bringing out the world views of the people involved in the problem situation 來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology

Outcomes and applications of SSM Organizational design Information systems General problem solving Performance evaluation Education Miscellaneous 來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology

References 線上資料 書籍 論文 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology http://www.idi.ntnu.no/grupper/su/publ/html/totland/ch0526.htm http://www.eulacias.org/materiales/caso_uy/curso_coinnovacion_2010/modulo2/materiales/soft_systems_methodology_retrospective_checkland_2000.pdf http://www.bryanhopkins.co.uk/learning_design/soft_systems.htm http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=852235&show=html http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jors/journal/v60/n2/full/2602542a.html 書籍 Checkland, P. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice 論文 Peter Checkland (2000),“Soft Systems Methodology: A Thirty YearRetrospective” Systems Research and Behavioral Science Syst. Res. 17, S11–S58 Lacity, Mary Cecelia & Hirschheim, R. A. Beyond the information systems outsourcing bandwagon: The insourcing response Bob Williams (2005), Soft Systems - Modified December 2005