Figure 2 in Smith, P. H., Homish, G. G., Collins, R. L., Giovino, G. A., White, H. R., & Leonard, K. E. (2014). Couples' Marijuana Use Is Inversely Related to Their Intimate Partner Violence Over the First 9 Years of Marriage. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, on-line first. doi: /a Relation Of Dyadic Concordance In Marijuana Use To Physical Violence Against Partner Mean Number of Assaults Assault By WifeAssault By Husband

 Among couples with no violence in the past year “only” one out of five approved  In the Male-Only type and Female-Only types, somewhat more approved  In the Both-Violent type, two out of three approved  In every Dyadic Type, the percent of men and women who approved was similar % Approve Relation Of Dyadic Assault Type To Approval Of Hitting A Partner By Men And Women, National Family Violence Survey (N = 2,143) Straus, M. A. (1980). Victims And Aggressors In Marital Violence. American Behavioral Scientist, 23(5), Dyadic ConcordanceType

% Approve Relation Of Approval Of Dyadic Concordance In Assault To Approval Of Hitting A Partner By Gender and Social Class Straus, M. A. (1980). Victims And Aggressors In Marital Violence. American Behavioral Scientist, 23(5), Working Class Dyadic Concordance Type Middle Class

% Who Saw Mother Hit Father Re 4 Dyadic Concordance Type Relation of Couple Concordance In Assault To Witnessing Mother Hit Father as reported by 399 Women University Students Testa, Maria, Hoffman, Joseph H., & Leonard, Kenneth E. (2011 ). Female Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Stability And Predictors Of Mutual And Nonmutual Aggression Across The First Year Of Colleg e. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4),

% Who Saw Father Hit Mother Re 5 Couple Concordance Type Relation of Couple Concordance In Assault To Witnessing Father Hit Mother as reported by 399 Women University Students Testa, Maria, Hoffman, Joseph H., & Leonard, Kenneth E. (2011 ). Female Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Stability And Predictors Of Mutual And Nonmutual Aggression Across The First Year Of Colleg e. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4),

% Stressed Re 6 Dyadic Concordance Type Relation of Couple Concordance In Assault To Stress As a High School Student, as reported by 399 Women University Students Testa, Maria, Hoffman, Joseph H., & Leonard, Kenneth E. (2011 ). Female Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Stability And Predictors Of Mutual And Nonmutual Aggression Across The First Year Of Colleg e. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4),

% With Same Boyfriend as HS Re 7 Dyadic Concordance Type Relation of Couple Concordance In Assault To Same Boyfriend as Baseline as reported by 399 Women University Students Testa, Maria, Hoffman, Joseph H., & Leonard, Kenneth E. (2011 ). Female Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Stability And Predictors Of Mutual And Nonmutual Aggression Across The First Year Of Colleg e. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4),

% With Relationship Length Re 8 Dyadic Concordance Type Relation of Couple Concordance In Assault To Relationship Length as reported by 399 Women University Students Testa, Maria, Hoffman, Joseph H., & Leonard, Kenneth E. (2011 ). Female Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Stability And Predictors Of Mutual And Nonmutual Aggression Across The First Year Of Colleg e. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4),

% with HED Re 9 Dyadic Concordance Type Relation of Couple Concordance In Assault To Heavy Episodic Drinking as reported by 399 Women University Students Testa, Maria, Hoffman, Joseph H., & Leonard, Kenneth E. (2011 ). Female Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Stability And Predictors Of Mutual And Nonmutual Aggression Across The First Year Of Colleg e. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4),

% Who Use Marijuana Re 10 Dyadic Concordance Type Relation of Couple Concordance In Assault To Frequency of Marijuana Use as reported by 399 Women University Students Testa, Maria, Hoffman, Joseph H., & Leonard, Kenneth E. (2011 ). Female Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Stability And Predictors Of Mutual And Nonmutual Aggression Across The First Year Of Colleg e. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4),

% With Partner who HED Re 11 Dyadic Concordance Type Relation of Couple Concordance In Assault To Partner’s Heavy Episodic Drinking At Time 1, as reported by 399 Women University Students Testa, Maria, Hoffman, Joseph H., & Leonard, Kenneth E. (2011 ). Female Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Stability And Predictors Of Mutual And Nonmutual Aggression Across The First Year Of Colleg e. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4),

% Who’s Partner Use Marijuana Re 12 Dyadic Concordance Type Relation of Couple Concordance In Assault To Partner’s Frequency of Marijuana Use as reported by 399 Women University Students Testa, Maria, Hoffman, Joseph H., & Leonard, Kenneth E. (2011 ). Female Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Stability And Predictors Of Mutual And Nonmutual Aggression Across The First Year Of Colleg e. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4),

% With Partner with Antisocial Behavior Re 13 Dyadic Concordance Assault Type Relation of Couple Concordance In Assault To Partner Antisocial Behavior as reported by 399 Women University Students Testa, Maria, Hoffman, Joseph H., & Leonard, Kenneth E. (2011 ). Female Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Stability And Predictors Of Mutual And Nonmutual Aggression Across The First Year Of Colleg e. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4),

% With Relationship Satisfaction Re 14 Couple Concordance Assault Type Relation of Couple Concordance In Assault To Relationship Satisfaction as reported by 399 Women University Students Testa, Maria, Hoffman, Joseph H., & Leonard, Kenneth E. (2011 ). Female Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Stability And Predictors Of Mutual And Nonmutual Aggression Across The First Year Of Colleg e. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4),

Mean Number of Times Re 15 Couple Concordance Assault Type Relation of Couple Concordance In Assault Types To Chronicity Of Psychological Aggression Perpetration as reported by 399 Women University Students Testa, Maria, Hoffman, Joseph H., & Leonard, Kenneth E. (2011 ). Female Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Stability And Predictors Of Mutual And Nonmutual Aggression Across The First Year Of Colleg e. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4),

Mean Number of Times Re 16 Couple Concordance In Assault Type Relation of Couple Concordance In Assault To Chronicity of Psychological Aggression Victimization as reported by 399 Women University Students Testa, Maria, Hoffman, Joseph H., & Leonard, Kenneth E. (2011 ). Female Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Stability And Predictors Of Mutual And Nonmutual Aggression Across The First Year Of Colleg e. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4),

Mean Number of Times Re 17 Couple Concordance In Assault Type Relation of Dyadic Concordance Types To Chronicity Assaulting Partner as reported by 399 Women University Students Testa, Maria, Hoffman, Joseph H., & Leonard, Kenneth E. (2011 ). Female Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Stability And Predictors Of Mutual And Nonmutual Aggression Across The First Year Of Colleg e. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4),

Mean Number Of Times Re 18 Couple Concordance In Assault Type Relation of Couple Concordance In Assault Types To Chronicity of IPV Victimization as reported by 399 Women University Students Testa, Maria, Hoffman, Joseph H., & Leonard, Kenneth E. (2011 ). Female Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration: Stability And Predictors Of Mutual And Nonmutual Aggression Across The First Year Of Colleg e. Aggressive Behavior, 37(4),

19 The Both Dyadic Concordance Types Is Associated With the Greatest Risk Of Injury To Both Men and Women (Row 1)  Rows 2 & 3 show that in the Both category, male and female injury rates are similar When only one partner assaults, diagonal lines show that women sustain more injuries than men Reported By Minor Injury Sustained When Perpetration Is By: Severe Injury Sustained When Perpetration Is By: Male Only Female OnlyBoth Male Only Female OnlyBoth 1. All Students 9.6%0.6%24.5%2.1%0.2%7.1% 2. Male Students NA3.1%23.8%NA1.0%9.5% 3. Female Students 13.8%NA24.8%3.0%NA6.2% *The total sample is 17,???, of which 14,??were in a relationship. This table is based on the ??? Where one or more assaults occurred during the survey year. Michel-Smith, Yahayra, & Straus, Murray (2014). Dyadic Patterns of Perpetration of Physical Assault and Injury of Dating Partners By Male and Female University Students in 32 Nations. Paper presented at the Stockholm Criminology Symposium, Stockholm, Sweden.

MUTUAL VIOLENCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH 2 TO 5 TIMES HIGHER RATE OF INJURY Straus & Gozjolko Men inflict more injury, but when violence is mutual there is little difference in injury rates This applies to injury sustained and injury inflicted by women as well as by men and as reported by women as well as by men Whitaker 20

21 Effects on partner mental health

Relation Of Concordance Between Parents In Spanking Child to Alcohol or Other Drug Use, As Reported By Fathers and Mothers?? Drug Use % Father-Only Mother-Only Both-Spanked Taylor, C. A., Lee, S. J., Guterman, N. B., & Rice, J. C. (2010). Use of Spanking for 3-Year-Old Children and Associated Intimate Partner Aggression or Violence. Pediatrics, Dyadic spanking types 22

Relation of Concordance Between Parents In Spanking Child to Depression Of Fathers and Mothers Depre ssion % Father-Only Mother-Only Both-Spanked Taylor, C. A., Lee, S. J., Guterman, N. B., & Rice, J. C. (2010). Use of Spanking for 3-Year-Old Children and Associated Intimate Partner Aggression or Violence. Pediatrics, Dyadic spanking types 23

Depression Re 24 Dyadic Concordance Type Figure 3. Relation Of Concordance In Assault Between Partners To Depression Among 1,026 Predominantly Low Income Men Presenting At Urban Public Hospital Emergency Room Rhodes, Karin V., Houry, Debra, Cerulli, Catherine, Straus, Helen, Kaslow, Nadine J., & McNutt, Louise-Anne. (2009). Intimate Partner Violence and Comorbid Mental Health Conditions Among Urban Male Patients. Annals of Family Medicine, 7(1), doi: /afm.936 Couple assault rate 37%

PTSD Re 25 Dyadic Concordance Type Figure 3. Relation Of Concordance In Assault Between Partners To PTSD Among 1,026 Predominantly Low Income Men Presenting At Urban Public Hospital Emergency Room Rhodes, Karin V., Houry, Debra, Cerulli, Catherine, Straus, Helen, Kaslow, Nadine J., & McNutt, Louise-Anne. (2009). Intimate Partner Violence and Comorbid Mental Health Conditions Among Urban Male Patients. Annals of Family Medicine, 7(1), doi: /afm.936 Couple assault rate 37%

Suicidality Re 26 Dyadic Concordance Type Figure 3. Relation Of Concordance In Assault Between Partners To Suicidality By 1,026 Predominantly Low Income Men Presenting At Urban Public Hospital Emergency Room Rhodes, Karin V., Houry, Debra, Cerulli, Catherine, Straus, Helen, Kaslow, Nadine J., & McNutt, Louise-Anne. (2009). Intimate Partner Violence and Comorbid Mental Health Conditions Among Urban Male Patients. Annals of Family Medicine, 7(1), doi: /afm.936 Couple assault rate 37%

Illegal Drugs Re 27 Dyadic Concordance Type Figure 3. Relation Of Concordance In Assault Between Partners To Illegal Drug Use By 1,026 Predominantly Low Income Men Presenting At Urban Public Hospital Emergency Room Rhodes, Karin V., Houry, Debra, Cerulli, Catherine, Straus, Helen, Kaslow, Nadine J., & McNutt, Louise-Anne. (2009). Intimate Partner Violence and Comorbid Mental Health Conditions Among Urban Male Patients. Annals of Family Medicine, 7(1), doi: /afm.936 Couple assault rate 37%

Smoke Cigarettes Re 28 Dyadic Concordance Type Figure 3. Relation Of Concordance In Assault Between Partners To Cigarette Smoking By 1,026 Predominantly Low Income Men Presenting At Urban Public Hospital Emergency Room Rhodes, Karin V., Houry, Debra, Cerulli, Catherine, Straus, Helen, Kaslow, Nadine J., & McNutt, Louise-Anne. (2009). Intimate Partner Violence and Comorbid Mental Health Conditions Among Urban Male Patients. Annals of Family Medicine, 7(1), doi: /afm.936 Couple assault rate 37%

Ethanol Use in Excess Re 29 Dyadic Concordance Type Figure 3. Relation Of Concordance In Assault Between Partners To Excess Ethanol Use By 1,026 Predominantly Low Income Men Presenting At Urban Public Hospital Emergency Room Rhodes, Karin V., Houry, Debra, Cerulli, Catherine, Straus, Helen, Kaslow, Nadine J., & McNutt, Louise-Anne. (2009). Intimate Partner Violence and Comorbid Mental Health Conditions Among Urban Male Patients. Annals of Family Medicine, 7(1), doi: /afm.936 Couple assault rate 37%

30 Chiodo, D., Crooks, C., Wolfe, D., McIsaac, C., Hughes, R., & Jaffe, P. (2012). Longitudinal Prediction and Concurrent Functioning of Adolescent Girls Demonstrating Various Profiles of Dating Violence and Victimization. Prevention Science, 13(4), doi: /s

31 Chiodo, D., Crooks, C., Wolfe, D., McIsaac, C., Hughes, R., & Jaffe, P. (2012). Longitudinal Prediction and Concurrent Functioning of Adolescent Girls Demonstrating Various Profiles of Dating Violence and Victimization. Prevention Science, 13(4), doi: /s

32 Kim, J.-Y., & Emery, C. (2003). Marital power, conflict, norm consensus, and marital violence in a nationally representative sample of Korean couples. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(2),

33 Anderson, 2002 Interaction effects show that the Both-Assault has a greater harmful effect for women than for men. However, the interaction effect rows for Male-Only and Female-Only are not significant and therefore show the that Male-Only does not have a more harmful effect for either sex than the other two types. Same for Female-Only, which can also be restated as Female–Only is just as harmful??? See also slide on this study in Deny presentation.

34 Source – could be non-US

Temple, J. R., Weston, R., & Marshall, L. L. (2010). Long-Term Mental Health Effects of Partner Violence Patterns and Relationship Termination on Low-Income and Ethnically Diverse Community Women. Partner Abuse, 1(4), doi: / low-income women completing all interviews were African American (40%), Euro- American (30%), and Mexican American (30%) 35

36 DT’s and Depression This article has similar data on Drugs and self-esteem Models 1 and 2 of Table 3. All three violence variables mutual, respondent-only, and partner-only-are significantly and positively associated with depression. This suggests that depression is linked to both violence perpetration and victimization. Model 2 includes the interaction terms for gender and the violence indicators. The significant negative coefficient for the interaction of gender and the mutual violence variable indicates that the estimated positive link between depression and mutual violence is greater for women than for men. Involvement in a relationship where there is mutual violence is linked to an increase of 9.2 points on the depression scale among women but only a 4.7-point increase among men. Anderson, Kristin L "Perpetrator or victim? Relationships between intimate partner violence and well-being." Journal of Marriage and the Family 64:

survey VB48

 Among couples with no violence in the past year “only” one out of five approved  In the Male-Only type and Female-Only types, somewhat more approved  In the Both-Violent type, two out of three approved  In every Dyadic Type, the percent of men and women who approved was similar Mental Health (T score) Relation of Dyadic Concordance In Physical Assault in Past Year To Mental Health (Probability sample of 3,496 adults Age In Six European Cities) 38 Dyadic Concordance Type Costa, Diogo, Hatzidimitriadou, Eleni, Ioannidi-Kapolou, Elli, Lindert, Jutta, Soares, Joaquim, Sundin, Örjan,... Barros, Henrique. (2014). Intimate partner violence and health-related quality of life in European men and women: findings from the DOVE study. Quality of Life Research, 1-9. doi: /s

 Among couples with no violence in the past year “only” one out of five approved  In the Male-Only type and Female-Only types, somewhat more approved  In the Both-Violent type, two out of three approved  In every Dyadic Type, the percent of men and women who approved was similar Mental Health (T score) Relation of Dyadic Concordance In Physical Assault in Lifetime To Mental Health (Probability sample of 3,496 adults Age In Six European Cities) 39 Dyadic Concordance Type Costa, Diogo, Hatzidimitriadou, Eleni, Ioannidi-Kapolou, Elli, Lindert, Jutta, Soares, Joaquim, Sundin, Örjan,... Barros, Henrique. (2014). Intimate partner violence and health-related quality of life in European men and women: findings from the DOVE study. Quality of Life Research, 1-9. doi: /s

 Among couples with no violence in the past year “only” one out of five approved  In the Male-Only type and Female-Only types, somewhat more approved  In the Both-Violent type, two out of three approved  In every Dyadic Type, the percent of men and women who approved was similar Mental Health (T score) Relation of Dyadic Concordance In Sexual Coercion in Past Year To Mental Health (Probability sample of 3,496 adults Age In Six European Cities) 40 Dyadic Concordance Type Costa, Diogo, Hatzidimitriadou, Eleni, Ioannidi-Kapolou, Elli, Lindert, Jutta, Soares, Joaquim, Sundin, Örjan,... Barros, Henrique. (2014). Intimate partner violence and health-related quality of life in European men and women: findings from the DOVE study. Quality of Life Research, 1-9. doi: /s

 Among couples with no violence in the past year “only” one out of five approved  In the Male-Only type and Female-Only types, somewhat more approved  In the Both-Violent type, two out of three approved  In every Dyadic Type, the percent of men and women who approved was similar Mental Health (T score) Relation of Dyadic Concordance In Sexual Coercion in Lifetime To Mental Health Probability sample of 3,496 adults Age In Six European Cities) 41 Dyadic Concordance Type Costa, Diogo, Hatzidimitriadou, Eleni, Ioannidi-Kapolou, Elli, Lindert, Jutta, Soares, Joaquim, Sundin, Örjan,... Barros, Henrique. (2014). Intimate partner violence and health-related quality of life in European men and women: findings from the DOVE study. Quality of Life Research, 1-9. doi: /s

42 DT’s and Depression This article has similar data on Drugs and self-esteem Models 1 and 2 of Table 3. All three violence variables mutual, respondent-only, and partner-only-are significantly and positively associated with depression. This suggests that depression is linked to both violence perpetration and victimization. Model 2 includes the interaction terms for gender and the violence indicators. The significant negative coefficient for the interaction of gender and the mutual violence variable indicates that the estimated positive link between depression and mutual violence is greater for women than for men. Involvement in a relationship where there is mutual violence is linked to an increase of 9.2 points on the depression scale among women but only a 4.7-point increase among men. Anderson, Kristin L "Perpetrator or victim? Relationships between intimate partner violence and well-being." Journal of Marriage and the Family 64:

43 IPS effects on partners

IPS DATING VIOLENCE RELATION TO DEPRESSION ANXIETY AND HOSTILITY See DT-PE 04 for output on which these are based. There is a discrepancy between the two slides on hostility. Perhaps a mistake in the labeling. 44

45 Edit this into a general template for DT Also make a four category version lowest level of depression is among male victims of PV and female perpetrators of PV. Men

46 Relation of Dyadic Types Of Partner Violence To Depression Dating Relationships Of University Students In 15 Nations (N=11,408 ) Women Men  No Violence: Women higher in depression than men  Sole Perpetrator: Male perpetrators higher in depression than female  Sole Victim: Women victims higher in depression than male victims  Both Assault, i.e. both are victims and also perpetrators: Men higher in depression

47 Relation of Dyadic Types Of Partner Violence To Depression Dating Relationships Of University Students In 15 Nations (N=11,408 ) Women Men  When men assault, either as sole perpetrator or both, male depression higher. Suggests either depression as a cause or male guilt or both  Women have highest depression when they are the sole victims of assault or both a victim and a perpetrator  Gender Difference In link between PV and depression: Increase in depression is greater for men than women, except when men are the sole victims

48 SCLhos5Bn5c SCL Hostility Bn5 Centile Male Female SCLhos5Bn5c SCL Hostility Bn5 Centile Plausibilty of these results suggests valdity of DTs and of the measure of hositility

49 SCLhos5Bn5c SCL Hostility Bn5 Centile Female Male

50 SCL anxiety hand recoded into centiles Male Female

51 Estimated Marginal Means of SCLanx Anxiety scale (Binned) Bn5 Female Male

52 SCL anxiety hand recoded into centiles Male Female

53 SCLanx Anxiety scale (Binned) Bn5 Female Male

54 SCLanx Anxiety scale (Binned) Bn5 Female Male

55 MDItotal Major Depression Index Total Bn5 centile score Female Male

56 One of the Longitudinal Studies which Found That The Strongest Determinant Of Assault By A Male Partner Was Previous Assault By A Female Partner Males Females 206 high school students (86 boys, 120 girls) in a violence prevention class O'Leary KD, Slep AMS. A dyadic longitudinal model of adolescent dating aggression. J Child Adolesc Psychol 2003;32:

57  Both-Assault type: the most intergenerational transmission  Other studies seem to show that it is the Father-Only type because that is the only type studied  “sex of parent by sex of child” effect: For boys, Father-Only more associated with assaulting a partner than Mother-Only DT For girls, mother-only more associated with assaulting a dating partner  Example of DTs improving studies of children’s exposure parental Violence When Children Are Exposed To Violence Between Parents, Does The Dyadic Type Make A Difference For The Probability Of Intergenerational Transmission? Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2012). Relation of violence between parents of university students in 15 nations to student criminogenic beliefs and crime: A comparison of father-only, mother-only, and mutual parental violence Paper presented at the American Society Of Criminology annual meeting, Chicago, 15 November, 2012.

58 Rejection By Parents Is Associated With Criminal Beliefs, Especially When Both Parents Are Perceived As Rejecting % with high score on Criminal Beliefs scale Male students are more likely to have criminal beliefs Criminogenic effect of rejection by mothers and by fathers about the same Effect of parental rejection is very small for female students Example of Criminal Beliefs scale question: It is ok to buy something you knew was stolen Dyadic Types of Parental Rejection * *Among students with rejection scores 60 th percentile for one parent.

59 Rejection By Parents Is Also Associated With Actual Crime, Especially When Both Parents Are Perceived As Rejecting % with high score on Criminal History scale Dyadic Types of Parental Rejection* Example of Criminal History question: “Since age 15, I have stolen money (from anyone, including family) Male students are twice as likely to have committed crimes beliefs Effect of parental rejection is small for female students Criminogenic effect of rejection by mothers and by fathers about the same *Among students with rejection scores 60 th percentile for one parent.

60 O’Leary KD, Slep AMS. A dyadic longitudinal model of adolescent dating aggression. J Child Adolesc Psychol 2003;32:314 –27

61 DTs And Cessation of Partner Violence The dyadic nature of IPV was investigated in a community sample by Feld and Straus (1989) who examined if use of violence by the wives in year one increased the likelihood of severe assault by the husbands in year two. They found that minor assaults by either spouse in year one were associated with subsequently higher rates of severe IPV by the husband in year two. When wives severely assaulted their husbands 42% of husbands continued with their violence. …..this study does emphasize the dyadic nature of IPV, suggesting that in order to fully understand the nature of desistance from IPV the role of both parties needs to be considered. P 274 Walker, K., Bowen, E., & Brown, S. (2013). Desistance from intimate partner violence: A critical review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(2), doi: /j.avb

62 Jankowski, M. Kay, Harold Leitenberg, Kris Henning, and Patricia Coffey "Intergenerational Transmission of Dating Aggression as a Function of Witnessing Only Same Sex Parents vs. Opposite Sex Parents vs. Both Parents as Perpetrators of Domestic Violence." Journal of Family Violence 14(3): Close, but gender not indicated

1. Children hit mothers more than fathers. Perhaps because mothers do more child care and/or less fear 2. Violence between parents has little relation to children hitting fathers 3. Mother’s violence increases the probability of being hit by children more than Violence by fathers Ulman, A., & Straus, M. A. (2003). Violence by children against mothers in relation to violence between parents and corporal punishment by parents. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 34(1), Fiig 3, p

Chronicity  Fathers and Mothers: When violence between parents occurred Violent fathers: 75% - two or more times that year Violent mothers: 73% - two or more times that year.  Dyadic Aggression Types Father-Only type: 65 % assaulted two or more times Mother-Only type: 59% two or more times that year Both-Violent type: 80% of the fathers and 80% of mothers  Typical pattern Two or more times rather than an isolated incident 64 Straus, M.A. and Michel-Smith, Y "Mutuality, Severity, And Chronicity Of Exposure To Violence Between Parents Of University Students In 15 Nations." Preente at International Family Violence And Child Victimization Research Conference. Sheraton Harborside Hotel, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 9 July IPS02

Compared To Children Of Non-Violent Parents, Each Dyadic Aggression Type Is Associated With An Increased Probability Of The Child Later Assaulting A Partner Dyadic Perpetration Types At Time 1 Percent Increase in Probability Of Assault Fehringer, J. A., & Hindin, M. J. (2008). Like Parent, Like Child: Intergenerational Transmission of Partner Violence in Cebu, the Philippines. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(4), doi: /j.jadohealth

Straus, M. A. (1992). Children as witnesses to marital violence: A risk factor for life long problems among a nationally representative sample of American men and women. In D. F. Schwartz (Ed.), Children and Violence: Report of the Twenty Third Ross Roundtable on Critical Approaches to Common Pediatric Problems (pp ). Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories. 66 Results from both this and previous study show that Both-Violent is more criminogenic However, this study show Father-Only is more criminogenic than Mother-Only Perhaps difference is because this is US data and the other Philippines. Illustrates need for additional research