Plant Taxonomy (Systematics) Naming Classifying Identifying

Plant Systematics Naming give an organism a precise scientific name Homo sapiens L. ICZN, ICBN, ICMN

Plant Systematics Classifying organize into groups Primata Hominidae Homo sapiens

Plant Systematics Identifying finding the name of an organism that has already been named and classified

Dichotomous Keys A series of paired choices that leads to the correct name of an organism

Collecting, Preparing and Preserving Plants

Collecting, Preparing and Preserving Plants

Polynomial Nomenclature Ranunculus calycibus, retroflexus, pedulculis falcatis, caule erecto, folis comopositis

Polynomial Nomenclature Ranunculus calycibus, retroflexus, pedulculis falcatis, caule erecto, folis comopositis “The buttercup with bent-back sepals, curved flower stalks, erect stems and compound leaves” descriptive, precise

Binomial Nomenclature - Began 1753, Species Plantarum Carolus Linnaeus 18thC Sweden Ranunculus calycibus Genus species

Binomial Nomenclature - Began 1753, Species Plantarum Carolus linnaeus 18thC Sweden Genus species same species name Cercis canadensis L. Solidago canadensis L. Authority Rules: International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) ICZN, ICMN

ICBN Rules Genus treated a noun; species as adjective suffixes usually agree in gender Male female neuter us a um is is re er ris o Lactuca hirsut_ Lathyrus hirsut_ Vaccinium hirsut_

Binomials Often describe some feature Incorporate the name of a person or place perpetuate a classical name

Binomials Quercus alba “white oak” Quercus macrocarpa “burr oak” All tree genera are treated as female! Veronica noveboracensis (L.) Michx. CHANGE OF CLASSIFICATION

Linnaeus’ Kingdoms

Kingdoms

Domains

Species A distinct types of organism capable of breeding with other members of its own kind - but not with other species…. Basic category in biological nomenclature

Varieties (subspecies) Sargent Quercus alba L. var. alba Quercus alba L. var. latiloba Sarg. If Q. latiloba was a new species? Quercus latiloba Sarg.

hybridization Q. velutina X Q. rubra X Q. palustris Echinacea pallida Echinacea paradoxa Echinacea pallida X paradoxa

Relationship between Genus and Species Genus - a group of related species Quercus (oaks) Carya (hickories) rubra - ovata velutina - cordiformes alba

Related 1. Have similar characteristics (may hybridize) 2. Have a common ancestor back in evolutionary time velutina rubra alba

Related 1. Have similar characteristics (may hybridize) 2. Have a common ancestor back in evolutionary time ovata cordiformes

Evolution (implied by classification) Organisms that are placed in the same genus are believed to be more closely related than organisms from other genera.

Phylogenetic Hierarchy Kingdom Division (Phylum) Class Order Family Genus species

Natural System Our present system attempts to group organisms in accordance with natural (evolutionary) relationships. Homology

Natural System Our present system attempts to group organisms in accordance with natural (evolutionary) relationships. Homology internal structures, embryology, DNA, proteins Analogy based on superficial characteristics outward form and function

Standard Endings (ICBN) Division: phyta Class: opsida Order: ales family: aceae Genus: species:

Taxa Division: Anthophyta Coniferophyta Pterophyta “flowering “pines,spruces, “ferns” plants” firs” Magnoliopsida Liliopsida

Classes of Flowering Plants Magnoliopsida dicots - 2 embryonic leaves taproot branching leaf veins flower parts:2s, 4s, 5s Liliopsida monocots - 1 embryonic leaf adventitious roots, branching parallel leaf veins flower parts: 3s

Classification of Burr Oak: Kingdom: Plantae Division: Anthophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fagales family: Fagaceae Genus: Quercus species: macrocarpa binomial: Quercus macrocarpa