History of Classification Classification – grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of criteria Aristotle (394-322 B.C.) Greek philosopher Classified.

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Presentation transcript:

History of Classification Classification – grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of criteria Aristotle ( B.C.) Greek philosopher Classified organisms as either plants or animals Believed species were distinct, separate and unchanging (limited his method)

Carolus Linnaeus (18 th century) Swedish naturalist – “father of classification” Based on morphology (body type), behavior and habitat System of taxonomy – concerned with identifying, naming and classifying species based on natural relationships Modern classification Includes evolutionary ideas as well as Linnaeus’ system of classification

Dichotomous Keys A way to identify or categorize objects Each step involves a choice between two characteristics Leads to a final “choice” which will identify the object

When making your own keep in mind to: Use characteristics that will not change (vary) Use measurements rather than terms like "large" and "small" Do not use seasonal or changeable characteristics Make the choice a positive one - something "is" instead of "is not" If possible, start both choices of a pair with the same word

Taxonomic Categories Domain – broadest grouping (3 major groups) Kingdom – (6 major groups) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species – most specific grouping

Species – a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring Genus – a group of species which are closely related and share a common ancestor Family – a group of similar related genera who share certain characteristics

Order – contains related families Class – contains related orders Phylum – contains related classes Kingdom – contains related phyla

The Domains of Life Domain Bacteria Consists of kingdom eubacteria Prokaryotes (cells without a nucleus)

Domain Archaea Consists of kingdom archaeabacteria Prokaryotes which live in extreme environments

Domain Eukarya Consists of cells with a nucleus (eukaryotes) Kingdom protista, fungi, plantea and animalia

Kingdoms of Life For homework: Using your foldable, use your textbook to fill in the following information for each: Characteristics of the kingdom Examples of the kingdom Which domain does it belong to Cell type Cell wall composition Number of cells Method of nutrition Use textbook pages and the reference handbook in the back of the text

Kingdom Eubacteria (Domain Bacteria) Characteristics: Round, spiral or rod-shaped Parasitic Can form colonies Cell Type: Prokaryote Cell wall with peptidoglycan Unicellular

Autotrophic (photosynthetic) or heterotrophic (through absorption) Example: Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Mycobacterium, Treponema, Prochloron, Nostoc

Kingdom Archeabacteria (Domain Archea) Characteristics: Found in extremely harsh environments like hot springs, deep-sea thermal vents, swamps, and salt marshes Cell Type: Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular

Autotrophic (photosynthetic) or heterotrophic (through absorption) Example: Methanopyrus,Halobacterium, Methanobaccillus, Mycoplasia

Kingdom Protista (Domain Eukarya) Characteristics: Free-living or parasitic Use pseudopods (false-feet), cilia or flagella to move Cell Type: Eukaryote Cell walls with cellulose Unicellular or multicellular

Autotrophs or heterotrophs Example: Paramecium, Amoeba, Diatom, Algae, Euglena

Kingdom Fungi (Domain Eukarya) Characteristics: Have spores (used for reproduction) Can be parasitic Cell Type: Eukaryote Cell walls with chitin Multicellular Heterotrophic (through absorption) Example: Mushroom, Bread Mold, Yeast

Kingdom Plantae (Domain Eukarya) Characteristics: Have spores or seeds (for reproduction) Live on land or in water Cell Type: Eukaryote Cell walls with cellulose Multicellular Autotrophs (photosynthetic) Example: Moss, Ferns, Palm Trees, Roses

Kingdom Animalia (Domain Eukarya) Characteristics: Invertebrates and vertebrates Live on land, in water and in the air Simple to complex Cell Type: Eukaryote No cell walls Multicellular

Heterotrophs Example: Earthworm, Sponge, Hydra, Planaria, Leech, Butterfly, Sea Cucumber, Panther

Binomial Nomenclature Developed by Linnaeus Gives each species a scientific name consisting of two parts (genus & species) Latin Use of scientific name avoids the confusion created when using common names Ex. Star fish Ex. Sea cucumbers Ex. Red bird versus cardinals

Rules of naming: First letter of the genus name is CAPITALIZED Species name always LOWERCASE Should always be typed in ITALICS Should always be UNDERLINED when written by hand Genus name can be abbreviated to one letter AFTER it has been written fully once in the written work

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