Review: What do we already know? Protons determine the IDENTINTY of the element Valance Electrons determine the CHEMICAL properties of an element. Valance electrons are the electrons in the OUTER ENERGY level For representative elements look at the group number to determine the number of valance electrons Elements lose or gain electrons to achieve a full outer energy level (full OCTET) Metals form CATIONS by losing electrons Nonmetals form ANIONS by gaining electrons

Review: The Octet Rule Octet rule stated that in forming compounds atoms tend to achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas. An octet is a set of eight electrons Atoms of metals tend to lose their valence electrons leaving a complete octet in the next-lowest energy level. Atoms of some nonmetals tend to gain electrons or to share electrons with another nonmetals to achieve a complete octet. What is a compound?

Chemistry Chapter 5 & 6 I. Introduction to bonding

Bonding: A. vocabulary Chemical Bond attractive force between atoms or ions that binds them together as a unit bonds form in order to… decrease potential energy (PE) increase stability

B. Types of Bonds IONIC COVALENT Bond Formation e- are transferred from metal to nonmetal e- are shared between two nonmetals Type of Structure crystal lattice true molecules Physical State solid liquid or gas Melting Point high low Solubility in Water yes usually not Electrical Conductivity yes (solution or liquid) no Other Properties odorous

B. Types of Bonds METALLIC e- are delocalized among metal atoms Bond Formation e- are delocalized among metal atoms Type of Structure “electron sea” Physical State solid Melting Point very high Solubility in Water no yes (any form) Electrical Conductivity Other Properties malleable, ductile, lustrous

C. Bond Polarity Most bonds are a blend of ionic and covalent characteristics. Difference in electronegativity determines bond type.

C. Bond Polarity Electronegativity Attraction an atom has for a shared pair of electrons. higher e-neg atom  - lower e-neg atom +

C. Bond Polarity Electronegativity Trend (p. 151) Increases up and to the right.

C. Bond Polarity Nonpolar Covalent Bond e- are shared equally symmetrical e- density usually identical atoms

+ - C. Bond Polarity Polar Covalent Bond e- are shared unequally asymmetrical e- density results in partial charges (dipole) + -

C. Bond Polarity Nonpolar Polar Ionic View Bonding Animations.

C. Bond Polarity 3.0-3.0=0.0 Nonpolar 3.0-2.1=0.9 Polar 3.0-0.9=2.1 Examples: Cl2 HCl NaCl 3.0-3.0=0.0 Nonpolar 3.0-2.1=0.9 Polar 3.0-0.9=2.1 Ionic

II. Ionic Bonding and Naming Chapter 7 and 9

SC1 Students will analyze the nature of matter and its classifications. SC1.b. Identify substances based on chemical and physical properties. SC1.c. Predict formulas for stable ionic compounds (binary and tertiary) based on balance of charges. SC1.d. Use IUPAC nomenclature for both chemical names and formulas: SC1.d.1 Ionic compounds (Binary and tertiary) SC1.d.3 Acidic compounds (Binary and tertiary) SC3.e. Compare and contrast types of chemical bonds (i.e. ionic, covalent). SC3.b. Use the orbital configuration of neutral atoms to explain its effect on the atom’s chemical properties.

Ionic Bonding and Naming A. Ionic Nomenclature Common Ion Charges 1+ 2+ 3+ NA 3- 2- 1-

Ionic Bonding and Naming A. Vocabulary 1 atom 2 or more atoms Monatomic Ion Polyatomic Ion Na+ NO3-

Ionic Bonding and Naming A. Vocabulary COMPOUND more than 2 elements 2 elements Binary Compound Ternary Compound NaCl NaNO3

Ionic Bonding and Naming Formation of Ionic Compounds Ionic compounds are compounds composed of cations and anions. Although they are compounds of ions, ionic compounds are electrically neutral. Ionic bonds are the electrostatic forces that hold ions together in ionic compounds. They occur due to the transfer of electrons Chemical formula shows the kinds and numbers of atoms in the smallest representative unit of a substance. Formula unit is the lowest whole-number ratio of ions in an ionic compound

Ionic Bonding and Naming B. Lewis Structure Electron dot structures (Lewis dot structure) are diagram that show the valence electrons at dots. Each valance electron is represented with a dot Put one dot on each side of the symbol before putting two on one side. Examples Carbon Calcium Chlorine Argon 4 valance e- 2 valance e- 7 valance e- 8 valance e- C Ca Cl Ar

Ionic Bonding and Naming B. Lewis Structures Ionic – show transfer of e-

Ionic Bonding and Naming D. Formula Writing When writing formulas the MOST METALIC element is written first Ionic bonds occur between METALS and NONMETALS so the metal is ALWAYS written FIRST. Determine the ion that the elements will form Balance charges Can switch charges and reduce if necessary Overall charge must equal zero. If charges cancel, just write symbols. If not, use subscripts to balance charges. Use parentheses to show more than one polyatomic ion. Stock System - Roman numerals indicate the ion’s charge.

Ionic Bonding and Naming D. Formula Writing Practice 1: Oxygen and Sodium Sodium is metal so it MUST be written first Na forms +1 ion and O forms -2 ion Na+1 O-2 switching charges gives Na2O (# metal) +1 +(#nonmetal) -2 = 0 solve (2) +1 +(1) -2 = 0 gives Na2O NOTE: The subscript of 1 is NOT written Practice 2: Nitrogen and Aluminum Aluminum is metal so it MUST be written first Al forms +3 ion and N forms -3 ion Al+3 N-3 switching charges gives AlN (must reduce) (# metal) +3 +(#nonmetal) -3 = 0 solve (1) +3 +(1) -3 = 0 gives AlN

Ionic Bonding and Naming D. Formula Writing Practice 3: Calcium and Carbon Calcium is metal so it MUST be written first Ca forms +2 ion and C forms -4 ion Ca+2 C-4 switching charges gives Ca2C (# metal) +2 +(#nonmetal) -4 = 0 solve (2) +2 +(1) -4 = 0 gives Ca2C Practice 4: Barium and Phosphate (PO4-3) Barium is metal so it MUST be written first Ba forms +2 ion and PO4 is a -3 ion Al+2 PO4-3 switching charges gives Al3(PO4)2 (# metal) +2 +(#nonmetal) -3 = 0 solve (3) +2 +(2) -3 = 0 gives Al3(PO4)2 MUST USE parenthesis to show having 2 phosphate molecules.

Ionic Bonding and Naming E. Ionic Nomenclature Ionic Names Write the names of both ions, cation first. Change ending of monatomic ions to -ide. Polyatomic ions have special names. Stock System - Use Roman numerals to show the ion’s charge if more than one is possible. Overall charge must equal zero.

Ionic Bonding and Naming E. Ionic Nomenclature Consider the following: Does it contain a polyatomic ion? -ide, 2 elements  no -ate, -ite, 3+ elements  yes Does it contain a Roman numeral? Check the table for metals not in Groups 1 or 2. No prefixes!

Ionic Bonding and Naming E. Ionic Nomenclature Common Ion Charges 1+ 2+ 3+ NA 3- 2- 1-

Ionic Bonding and Naming E. Ionic Nomenclature potassium chloride magnesium nitrate copper(II) chloride K+ Cl-  KCl Mg2+ NO3-  Mg(NO3)2 Cu2+ Cl-  CuCl2

Ionic Bonding and Naming E. Ionic Nomenclature NaBr Na2CO3 FeCl3 sodium bromide sodium carbonate iron(III) chloride

Ionic Naming – Type 1 metals Type 1 metals are metals that form only 1 oxidation state. They are found in groups 1, 2, & 13 in addition to Zn+2, Cd+2, and Ag+1 Determine the Cation and the Anion If the cation is from a representative element write its name The anion is: Polyatomic ion write it’s special name Single nonmetal element write its root name followed by “ide” write both parts of name side by side

Ionic Naming – Type 1 Example 1: Ca3N2 Example 1: Ca3(PO4)2 Calcium is the cation, nitrogen is anion Calcium stays calcium Nitrogen is NOT a polyatomic so it becomes Nitride Ca3N2 is called calcium nitride Example 1: Ca3(PO4)2 Calcium is the cation, phosphate is anion Phosphate is a polyatomic so it’s name is phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 is called calcium phosphate

Ionic Naming – Type 1 Potassium chloride Aluminum chloride KCl AlCl3 Ca2C InN Rb3PO3 Al(OH)3 In2(SO3)3 (NH4)3Br Potassium chloride Aluminum chloride Calcium carbide Indium nitride Rubidium phosphite Aluminum hydroxide Indium sulfite ** Ammonium bromide

Ionic Naming – Type 2 metals Most transition metals have the ability to borrow electrons from other orbitals and can form ions with different charges. Metals in group 14 also have multiple oxidation states. +2 or +4 Example: Iron can from a +3 or +4 cation, copper can from a +2 or +1 ion Not ALL transition metal do this but MOST do so when we name the compound we have to state the charge of the metal ion EXCEPTIONS: three transition metals that you MUST memorize the following: Zn+2, Cd+2, Ag+1 as they do NOT need roman numerals

Ionic Naming – Type 2 Metals Determine the Cation and the Anion If the cation is from a transition element write its name followed by a roman numeral to show the charge of the metal ion. The anion is a: Polyatomic ion write it’s special name Single nonmetal element write its root name followed by “ide” write both parts of name side by side

Ionic Naming – Type 2 Common Roman numerals you MUST KNOW I 6. VI ** II 7. VII III 8. VIII IV ** 9. IX V 10. X ** commonly confused by students

Ionic Naming – Type 2 Example 1: FeO Example 2: Fe2O3 Fe is cation and O is anion since Oxygen has a -2 charge Fe MUST have a +2 so it is Iron (II) O is NOT a polyatomic so it becomes Oxide FeO is Iron (II) Oxide Example 2: Fe2O3 since Oxygen has a -2 charge Fe MUST have a +3 so it is Iron (III) FeO is Iron (III) Oxide

Ionic Naming – Type 2 Example 3: FePO4 Example 4: Ag2O Fe is cation and PO4 is anion since PO4 has a -3 charge Fe MUST have a +3 so it is Iron (III) PO4 is a polyatomic so it is phosphate FeO is Iron (III) Phosphate Example 4: Ag2O Ag is cation and O is anion Ag is an exception and only forms a +1 ion so is Silver O is NOT a polyatomic so it becomes Oxide Ag2O is Sliver Oxide Remember Zn+2, Cd+2, Ag+1 do NOT need roman numerals

C. Ionic Nomenclature Ionic Formulas Write each ion, cation first. Don’t show charges in the final formula. Overall charge must equal zero. If charges cancel, just write symbols. If not, use subscripts to balance charges. Use parentheses to show more than one polyatomic ion. Stock System - Roman numerals indicate the ion’s charge.

Ionic Names to formula Use the name to determine the ions of the elements (or polyatomic) in compound Write the ions for each element Balance charges using either method(reduce if necessary) Chemical formulas for COMPOUNDS do NOT have charges!! The number of atoms MUST be shown as a subscript. REMEMBER the size and the shape of the letters matter when writing chemical formulas: COS and CoS are two different things

Ionic Names to Formulas Examples Zinc Oxide Zn+1 O-2 Zn2O Cobalt (II) Oxide Co+2 O-2 CoO Manganese (IV) Sulfate Mn+4 S-2 MnS2 Examples Strontium Sulfide Sr+2 S-2 SrS Magnesium Cyanide Mg +2 CN-1 Mg(CN)2 Potassium Phosphide K+1 P+3 K3P

Formation of Ionic Compounds Metals lose their electrons to nonmetals The opposite charges attract and form an ionic bond Na + Cl →Na + Cl →Na+1 + Cl-1 → NaCl name is: sodium chloride Mg + S →Mg + S →Mg+2 + S-2 → MgS name is: Magnesium Sulfide

Properties of Ionic Compounds Ionic compounds form by the TRANSFER of electrons Most ionic compounds are crystalline solids at room temperature. Ions in the crystals are arranged in repeating three-dimensional patterns. The large attractive forces result in very stable structures Ionic compounds generally have high melting points. Ionic compounds can conduct an electric current when melted or dissolved in water The ion movement allows electricity to flow between electrodes

Metallic Bonds and Metallic Properties The valence electrons of metal atoms can be modeled as a sea of electrons. Metallic bonds consist of the attraction of the free-floating valence electrons for the positively charged metal ions. the sea-of-electrons models explains many physical properties of metals metals are good conductors of electric current because electrons can flow freely in them metals are malleable (can be hammered or forced into shapes.) metals are ductile (can be drawn into wires)

Alloys metal atoms are arranged in very compact and orderly patterns alloys are mixtures composed of two or more elements, at least of one which is metal alloys are important because their properties are superior to those of their components elements. Bronze alloy is made of copper and iron Steel alloys are made of iron and carbon with additional elements.