Assisting the President: The presidential advisors and the Federal Bureaucracy Unit 5

Top advisors to the President First lady First lady Many have been active advisors (Abigail Adams; Edith Wilson; Eleanor Roosevelt) Many have been active advisors (Abigail Adams; Edith Wilson; Eleanor Roosevelt) Vice President Vice President Constitutional Responsibilities: Preside over the Senate; Take over if the president is unable to serve Constitutional Responsibilities: Preside over the Senate; Take over if the president is unable to serve

Top advisors to the President Executive Office of the President or White House staff: Executive Office of the President or White House staff: Chief of Staff Chief of Staff General Counsel General Counsel National Security Council National Security Council Council of Economic Advisors Council of Economic Advisors

The Federal Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: the administrative offices that handle the everyday business of the government Bureaucracy: the administrative offices that handle the everyday business of the government Includes all persons that help run the Fed. Gov’t Includes all persons that help run the Fed. Gov’t Not clearly defined in Constitution Not clearly defined in Constitution A Bureaucrat: non-elected person hired to aid the president in running the government A Bureaucrat: non-elected person hired to aid the president in running the government

The Federal Bureaucracy Created by Washington First cabinet consisted of Sec of State, Treasury, War, and Attorney General Expanded by Jackson and the spoils system Patronage vs. Pendelton Act/merit system Civil War and Reconstruction New Deal The Great Society 9-11

Who? What? Where? Selection: Selection: 90% are hired the civil service system 90% are hired the civil service system 10% are appointed by the president 10% are appointed by the president Type of jobs…everything Type of jobs…everything FBI agents to librarians FBI agents to librarians Many jobs are now issued to subcontractors Many jobs are now issued to subcontractors Location: Location: Only 10% work in D.C. Only 10% work in D.C.

Structure…The Cabinet 15 departments 15 departments Each established by Congress for a specific task Each established by Congress for a specific task Headed by a Secretary Headed by a Secretary Appointed by the President Appointed by the President Approved by the Senate Approved by the Senate Each Dept is sub divided Each Dept is sub divided Functions are greatly impacted by the President Functions are greatly impacted by the President

Structure… Independent Executive Agencies Cabinet level positions Cabinet level positions Provide a specific service to the country Provide a specific service to the country President appoints directors President appoints directors Presidential influence is limited Presidential influence is limited Ex: EPA; NASA Ex: EPA; NASA

Structure… Independent Regulatory Commissions Established by Congress to regulate a specific activity or industry Established by Congress to regulate a specific activity or industry Directors are appointed by the president Directors are appointed by the president Presidential influence is extremely limited Presidential influence is extremely limited Ex: FCC; FDA; SEC Ex: FCC; FDA; SEC

Structure… Government Corporations Established by Congress to carry out business- like activities Established by Congress to carry out business- like activities Directors are appointed by the president Directors are appointed by the president Presidential influence is extremely limited Presidential influence is extremely limited Collects profits Collects profits Ex: U.S. Post Office; Export-Import Bank; Amtrak Ex: U.S. Post Office; Export-Import Bank; Amtrak

How it works… A Hierarchical system A Hierarchical system Clearly defined goals & objectives given by Congress with plans for implementation Clearly defined goals & objectives given by Congress with plans for implementation A division of labor A division of labor Often influenced by the Issue networks and Interagency councils & Policy Coordinating Committees (PCCs) Often influenced by the Issue networks and Interagency councils & Policy Coordinating Committees (PCCs)

Loyola’s Bureaucracy

How it works… Most agencies are given the power of: Administrative discretion in setting policies and regulations Administrative discretion in setting policies and regulations May result in an increase in regulations or deregulation May result in an increase in regulations or deregulation Administrative adjudication to enforce policies and regulations Administrative adjudication to enforce policies and regulations

Who keeps the F.B. in check? President: Appoints department heads; controls the budget; can reorganize; set policies/regulations Examples? Congress: Set policies/regulations through new laws; Shut down departments; alter budgets Investigate questionable activities Police control vs. fire alarm oversight Office of Management and Budget vs. Congressional Budget Office Examples?