Introduction to Biofuels and Bioenergy Why Biofuels and Bioenergy Executive Order S Biofuel/Bioenergy Production and Use Executive Order S Low-Carbon Fuel Standard Strategic Directive 9.2 Encourage development of alternative energy and bio-fuels Strategic Directive 9.3 Play an active role in Bioenergy Interagency Working Group Climate Change Implications

What Are Biofuels Biofuels Renewable fuels produced from biomass resources to make liquid or gas fuel –Ethanol –Biodiesel –Compressed or Liquid Natural Gas –Hydrogen –Dimethyl Ether (diesel-like fuel –Biobutanol

Feedstock for Biofuels and Bioenergy Forest and Agricultural Biomass Urban Biomass Biomass fraction of MSW Landfill Gas

Biomass Resources in California Gross resources are 80 billion bone dry tons annually Three principal resources are agriculture, forestry, and waste Forestry in northern and central mountains Agriculture in Central Valley Waste in Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay Area Source: California Biomass Collaborative

Waste Characterization in California 42 million tons disposed in million tons biological in origin 5.7 million tons plastic and textiles

Post-MRF Residuals Targeted Feedstock Single-Stream - 496,000 Tons Multi-Stream - 35,931 Tons Mixed Waste Million Tons Construction and Demolition - 161,736 Tons

Available Residuals – Single Stream (496,000 Tons)

Available Residuals – Multi Stream (35,931 Tons)

Available Residuals – Mixed Waste (6.7 Million Tons)

Available Residuals – C&D (161,736 Tons)

Biofuels/Bioenergy Production Thermochemical Processes –Pyrolysis  Very little air/oxygen added or none at all  750 o F to 1500 o F –Gasification  Some air/oxygen used but less than for incineration  Begins at 1300 o F TechnologyPrimary ProductSecondary ProductResidue GasificationFuel Gas Synthesis Gas Fuels, Chemicals, Power Char, Ash PyrolysisFuel Gas Synthesis Gas Pyrolytic oils Fuels, Chemicals, Power Char, Ash

Biofuels/Bioenergy Production Biochemical Processes –Anaerobic Digestion  Bacteria breaks down feedstock  No oxygen –Fermentation  Also anaerobic process  Microbes used to produce ethanol TechnologyPrimary Product Secondary Product Residue Anaerobic Digestion Biogas Heat, Electricity, Fuels, Soil Amendment Lignin, inorganics FermentationEthanolLignin, inorganics

TECHNOLOGY TYPECOMMERCIAL OR R&D STATUSVENDORPROJECT STATUS Pyrolysis to ElectricityCommercial scale in Japan. Pilot-scale facility in California IESSecond round of emissions testing to be validated by SCAQMD. Health risk assessment underway. Gasification to EthanolPilot-scale facility in Arkansas. Biorefinery to be built in Florida BRI Energy & Alico Alico received DOE biorefinery grant. Will use BRI technology Gasification to ElectricityCommercial scale in Japan. None in California VariousTwo companies short-listed by Los Angeles County Acid HydrolysisDemonstration scale in Ohio and Japan (separate companies). Bluefire Ethanol to construct commercial- scale facility at El Sobrante Landfill Bluefire EthanolBluefire Ethanol recipient of DOE and Energy Commission grants Enzymatic HydrolysisDemonstration facility in Canada. Commercial-scale facility to be constructed in Idaho. R&D on enzymes continuing. Iogen (Canada)Iogen recipient of DOE biorefinery grant Enclosed Anaerobic DigestionCommercial scale in Europe and Israel. Commercial-scale facility under construction in Australia. Small demonstration plant at UC Davis campus. Arrow Ecology OnSite Power Arrow Ecology short-listed by Los Angeles County Major Technology Types and Status

Operating Facilities Biochemical –Predominantly anaerobic digestion in Europe –Installed capacity in 2000 = 1.1 million TPY –Installed capacity in 2004 = 2.8 million TPY –250% increase!!! Thermal –Gasification and Waste-to-Energy in Japan

AD Capacity in Europe Solid Waste Anaerobic Digester Capacity in Europe

AD Facilities Kompogas (Switzerland) Arrow Bio (Israel) DRANCO (Belgium) Valorga (France) BTA (Germany) Biopercolat (Germany) CiTec (Finland) Linde-KCA (Germany)

Hydrolysis/Fermentation Facilities BlueFire Ethanol Masada Oxynol Genahol/Waste-to-Energy BRI

DOE cellulosic biorefinery commercialization awards Abengoa Bioenergy – Kansas Alico(BRI technology) - Florida BlueFire - California Broin – South Dakota Iogen - Idaho Range Fuels - Georgia