Green Algae (Chlorophytes)

Green Algae Diversity I “Chlorella” “Chlamydomonas” “Carteria” 20

Green Algae Diversity I Helicosporidium

Green Algae Diversity I Haematococcus

Green Algae Diversity I (Chlamydomonas) Only different mating types (“+”, “-”) are capable of fertilization

“Desmids” Green Algae Diversity II: Desmids Cosmarium Triploceras Micrasterias Euastrum Staurastrum Each cell consists of two semi-cells Triploceras “Desmids” Closterium Spondylosium

Green Algae Diversity II: Desmids Structure Cell walls have pores for mucilage secretion Semicells Isthmus, Sinus Pores Mucilage

Green Algae Diversity II: Desmids Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Zygote

Green Algae Diversity III Scenedesmus Coelastrum “Pediastrum” Ankistrodesmus Hydrodictyon

Green Algae Diversity IV Flattened Sac-Like Tetraspora Gonium Platydorina Spherical Pandorina (8 or 16 Cells) Eudorina (16 or 32 Cells) “Volvox” 500 – Thousands of Cells

Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox) Somatic Cells Gonidia Small, flagellated, cells (with eyespot) Connected by cytoplasmic strands Impart motility to colony Incapable of cell division (regA gene) “Altruism” Larger, flagellated located at colony posterior Capable of cell division (regA gene inhibited) Form hollow balls of flagellated cells inside the colony (“Daughter Colonies”) Flagellated Somatic Cells contained by protoplasmic connections Flagellated Somatic Cells impart motility to colony Flagellated Somatic Cells can not divide, a state determined by product of a regulatory gene (“regA”) (Knocking out this gene may restore ability of somatic cells to divide) Somatic cells are possible examples of “altruism”

Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox) Asexual Reproduction Daughter Colony Release Daughter Colony Inversion through pore (phialopore)

Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox) (Sexual Reproduction) Male Female Fertilization Gonidia form sperm packets, invert Sperm packets release Gonidia form Eggs

Occasionally, zygotes are spiny Green Algae Diversity IV (Volvox) (Sexual Reproduction) Zygote Formation Zygote Meiosis to form Biflagellated Spores Only one biflagellated spore survives Division of this spore regenerates colony Occasionally, zygotes are spiny (Hypnozygote)

Green Algae Diversity V Ulothrix Oedogonium Spirogyra Zygnema

Green Algae Diversity V Sexual Reproduction Zygote Release Meiosis Spore Release Spore Germination Gamete Formation Fertilization Oedogonium

Green Algae Diversity V Sexual Reproduction Zygote Formation Meiosis to Form Spores Conjugation Tube Formation Gamete Formation Fertilization Spirogyra

Green Algae Diversity VI 24 Cladophora

Green Algae Diversity VI Trentepohlia

Green Algae Diversity VIII Ulva Coleochaete

Green Algae Diversity VIII Sexual Life Cycle Ulva

Green Algae Diversity IX Penicillus Acetabularia Chara Bryopsis Caulerpa

Hypothesis of Chlorophyte Phylogeny 1

Hypothesis of Chlorophyte Phylogeny 2

Green Algae: Ecology Marine Freshwater

Green Algae: Ecology Haematococcus Trentepohlia

Green Algae: Ecology Chlamydomonas nivalis

Green Algae: Ecology Jacques Cousteau Institute Caulerpa

Green Algae: Ecology

Green Algae: Ecology Helicosporidium Parasite of collebolids, cladocerans, mites, scarab beetles, black flies, mosquitoes Helicosporidium

Green Algae: Physiology Chlamydomonas

Green Algae: Genetics (Hammerling 1930s)

Green Algae: Evolution Chara

Green Algae: Evolution GR ALG PLANTS GR ALG GR ALG GR ALG GR ALG

Green Algae: Evolution

Green Algae: Evolution Horizontal Gene Transfer

Green Algae: Evolution 14 Euglena 13

Green Algae: Biofuels

Green Algae: Biofuels

with about 70-percent less carbon emissions than petroleum-based equivalents. They claim it doesn’t impact agricultural crops, land, or water. Green Algae: Biofuels SOUTHERN NEW MEXICO – Columbus will be home to Luna County’s first green energy facility—literally green, in this case. Algae will be cultivated by Sapphire Energy in man-made ponds about 8 miles west of Columbus on the Mexican border, to later be converted to a green goop called algae-based biofuel, oilgae, or algal fuel. “This will be the first Sapphire facility in the country,” says Tim Zenk, spokesperson for Sapphire Energy in San Diego. “We’re looking at different geographies,” says Zenk. “Now our focus is on New Mexico.” Luna County is considered ideal for algae-based biofuel because of the flat desert conditions, the high level of sunlight, and the large amount of underground salt water. http://www.ecofriendlymag.com/2010/03/23/page/8/

Green Algae - Characteristics

Green Algae - Flagella Carteria Chlamydomonas

Green Algae – Cell Wall (Some) (Many) (A Few)

Green Algae – Chloroplast Two surrounding membranes

Green Algae – Chloroplast

Green Algae – Chloroplast

Green Algae: Evolution Large Subunit Small Subunit Rubisco Horizontal Gene Transfer

Green Algae – Chloroplast S = Starch Py = Pyrenoid Starch stored in stroma Fig. 16.4 in Graham et al. 2009

Green Algae – Mitosis

Green Algae - Cytokinesis Furrowing Furrowing Cell Plate Phycoplast Phragmoplast Phragmoplast

Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction Chlamydomonas

Volvox Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction Autocolony Formation Release Gonidia Volvox

Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction Oedogonium

Green Algae – Asexual Reproduction Spirogyra

Green Algae – Sexual Reproduction Chlamydomonas

Green Algae – Sexual Reproduction Male Female Fertilization Gonidia form sperm packets, invert Sperm packets release Gonidia form Eggs Volvox

Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction Zygote Release Meiosis Spore Release Spore Germination Gamete Formation Fertilization Oedogonium

Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction Zygote Formation Meiosis to Form Spores Conjugation Tube Formation Gamete Formation Fertilization Spirogyra

Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction Egg (n) Zygote (n) Sperm Filaments (n)

Green Algae: Sexual Reproduction Ulva

Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny

Eukaryotic Plastid Phylogeny

Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny

Green Algae (Chara) and Plant Common Characteristics I

Green Algae (Chara) and Plant Common Characteristics II

Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny

? Acellular Slime Molds Cellular Slime Molds Eukaryotic Nuclear Algae Phylogeny: “Fungi” ? Acellular Slime Molds (Physarum) Cellular Slime Molds (Dictyostelium)

5 http://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/aquaplants/photos/chara.jpg 1 http://www.bio.utexas.edu/research/utex/photogallery/Images/LB_2824_ Chlamydomonas_nivalis_x1000b.jpg 2 http://www.solpugid.com/cabiota/ulva_lobata.jpg 3 http://www.bio.utexas.edu/research/utex/photogallery/Images/ LB%20933%20Oedogonium%20foveolatum.jpg 4 http://www.lima.ohio-state.edu/biology/images/volvox.jpg 5 http://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/aquaplants/photos/chara.jpg 6 http://www.dgsgardening.btinternet.co.uk/moss.JPG 7 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Chlorophyta/Oedogonium_Images/ Zygote_MC_.tn.jpg 8 http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/reefalgae/Algal%20digital%20or%20web% 20images/Egerod%20Caulerpa%20lentillifera%20300%20dpi%20web%20 image.jpg

9 http://www.geneseo.edu/~Bosch/Ecology/Caulerpa.jpg 10 http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgoct05/Scenedesmus-opoliensis.jpg 11 http://www.botany.ubc.ca/keeling/BIOL332/PrimarySecon.jpg 12 http://www.surialink.com/HANDBOOK/Genera/image_greens/ Acetabularia_pics/Acetabularia_300.jpg 13 http://www.panspermia.org/secondary.jpg 14 http://www.keweenawalgae.mtu.edu/ALGAL_IMAGES/euglenophytes/ Euglena_n4_dollartow56_402_b.jpg 15 http://www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/~inouye/ino/cy/prochloron.GIF 16 http://www.nps.gov/archive/olym/lichen/struct.jpg

17 http://botit. botany. wisc 17 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/Lichens/Foliose_lichen_130_d.gif 18 http://www.uog.edu/classes/botany/474/images/spirogyra_conj_prep3755.jpg 19 http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/bot311/ Chlorophyta/SpirogyraBig500.jpg 20 http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/47350/chlorella2.gif 21 http://www.dees.dri.edu/Projects/Trbm/cladophora.jpg 22 http://www.riverrevitalizationfoundation.org/Images/10_04Cladophora.jpg 23 http://www.dees.dri.edu/Projects/Trbm/cladophora.jpg 24 http://www.riverrevitalizationfoundation.org/Images/10_04Cladophora.jpg 25 http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/Images/Chlorophyta/Cladophora/sp_1c.jpg 26 http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/images/100images/nies-0211.jpg

27 http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/images/100images/nies-0211.jpg 28 http://www.csupomona.edu/~jcclark/classes/bot125/resource/ graphics/g/chl_oedogonium.jpg 29 http://genesis.ocean.org.il/pictures/animals/Ulva.jpg 30 http://inapinkbox.com/store/images/Enchantment%20-%20Asiatic%20 Lilies%20Flower%20Bouquet.jpg 31 http://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/aquaplants/photos/chara.jpg