Identification of needed competences Socio-economic development in the era of renewable energies: Towards the creation of a research institution for the MENA region based on DESERTEC concept Tunis, 3-4 September 2012

RE motivations Enhance energy security Reduce carbon dioxide emissions Reduce energy price volatility Improve energy access Technology development Job creation (development of manufacturing industry) Policy to promote job creation Support for the acquisition of the necessary skills

Data In Millions positions (REN21) Of these Jobs:  Wind Industry  Solar PV industry  1.5 Millions: Biofuel Location Majority in: China, Brazil (Ethanol), Germany, India, USA, Denmark RE are more labor-intensive than fossil fuel technologies, with PV technologies accounting for the highest number of Job-Years per GWh over the lifetime of the facility

Job.Years/ GWh Solar PV: 0.85 Small Hydro: 0.27 Geothermal: 0.25 Solar thermal: 0.22 Biomass: 0.21 Wind: 0.19 Nuclear: 0.18 Natural Gas: 0.11 / 0.12

Job nature Jobs related to fuel free technologies (Large scale RE Electricity, Domestic and industrial applications of RE)  Installation and /or Plant construction  Manufacturing  Administration / Management  Project design  Operation and Maintenance  Decommissioning Jobs related to fuel based technologies (biofuel for transport industries)  Feedstock  Production of Biofuel  Distribution of Biofuel

Job classification Direct Jobs  Feedstock conversion  Manufacturing  Project development (including site preparation and installation)  Operation and Maintenance Indirect Jobs  Supplying the RE industry  Industrial input sectors in the production, operation and Maintenance  Positions in Government  Regulatory Body  Consultancy firms  Research organizations Induced Jobs Created when wealth is generated, spent elsewhere in the economy (Expl. Stimulating consumption / Tourism …)

Fields of activity Feedstock production Local / Export Industries Project development Installation Operation and Maintenance Decommissioning

Fuel free technology The case of PV industry Engineers Technicians Engineers technicians Project development analyst Wholesaler Solar PV system designer Construction workers Meteorologists Technicians Maintenance staff Construction workers Material recyclers Processing of Raw Material Manufacture of Cells and Modules Installation / Plant construction Operation & Maintenance Decommissioning

Fuel based technology Biomass based electricity generation Liquid biofuel for transport Feed stock productionRefinement of ethanol and Transesterification of biodiesel Biofuel distribution Agriculture Jobs (farmers, seasonal labor) Collection of residues and their pretreatment Engineers Chemists Machine Operators ( depending on fuel, Technology used ) Logistic officers Machine Operators

Skills In Germany:  RE: 82% have vocational training  40% university degree  Whole Industry: 70% have vocational training  10% University degree High Skills:  Engineering  Meteorology  Project Development  R & D Unskilled:  Installation / Construction  Indirect Jobs: Transport / Administration  Collection of fuel feedstock (farmers / Seasonal Labors)

Skills Similar to those needed in the conventional work force Specific to certain RE technologies Appropriate training Education policy

How to promote employment benefits of RE Stable deployment policy Financial support for RE Technology Carbon dioxide pricing & Elimination of subsidies for conventional power generation Provision of financial support Labor market policy Implement training programs:  intensive vocational tailor made  Courses directed towards specific needs of employers Policies for Education and Training  Education delivered at the level of companies:  New vocational training programs on RE  Adjustment of existing programs  Formal education sector:  Introducing new programs (degrees in RE)  Adjusting those already existing programs by adding modules related to RE Industrial Policy Policy aimed at deployment Increase industry ability to compete in national and International Market

Target group The programs developed need to extent beyond the workforce in the direct manufacturer and installation and also addresses employers and supporting institutions: Government agencies Ministries Financial institutions Other business services / private sector Both vocational and formal education must provide Specialized education & Trainings for RE Industry Broader education requirements in Engineering & Management The competitiveness of a domestic industry depend on the availability and skills of the labor force and measures to ensure this.

Which subjects for training? Energy Geopolitics Energy market / Price making Energy strategy / Optimization of energy systems Energy Policy Investment choices Financing tools for RE projects Available Resources (solar / Wind/ Biomass …) Site assessment Thermal power plants Physics of solar collectors Energy conversion Energy storage Operation & Maintenance Electric Power transmission Economic aspects Social & Strategic aspects

Beyond the DESERTEC concept Energy saving in dwellings / ecobuildings Energy conversion and management for domestic applications Energy conversion for Industrial applications Energy conversion for Agriculture and in rural area Energy efficiency

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