Lecture 6: Water & Wastewater Treatment Objectives: Define primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment Define BOD Describe the activated sludge process Setup and solve a mass balance for an activated sludge system

Review Sorption: Settling Kd=Cs/CL CT=(1+KdCss)CL Fraction sorbed vs. fraction remaining in water Settling Settling velocity: Percent of particles removed: (1-Css/Css,o) x 100% Where,

Well-Mixed Settling Tank vs Css Q, Css,o Q, Css V Suspended solids remaining: Define the Overflow Rate: ~ 20 – 100 m/day in treatment plants

Wastewater Treatment POTW – Publicly Owned Treatment Works 0.4 – 0.6 m3/person/day 15 million people in Los Angeles  7.5 x 106m3/day or 2000 MGD (million gallons per day) Hyperion – 450 MGD Clean Water Act (CWA) – 1977 – Set effluent (what is released by treatment plants into the environment) standards

Stages of Water Treatment Primary Contaminants (60% of solids and 35% of BOD removed) Oil & Grease Total Suspended Solids (Css or TSS) – 60% Removed Pathogens BOD – 35% removed Processes Screens Grit Settling Scum Flotation Primary Settling

Stages (continued) Secondary Contaminants Processes BOD – 90% Removed TSS – 90% Removed Processes Trickling Filter – rotating disk Activated Sludge – Suspended and mixed Oxidation ponds – lagoons (promote contact between microbes and contaminants)

Stages (continued) Tertiary Contaminants Processes Nutrients Dissolved solids (e.g., salt, other ions, etc.) Processes Denitrification – bacteria Phosphorus removal – precipitation Other chemicals – adsorption and precipitation

Primary Sludge (cont’d)

Primary Sludge

Primary Sludge (cont’d) Q, Css,o Q, Css Given: Q = 4000 m3/d Css,o = 200 mg/L and Css = 100 mg/L Sludge density = 0.05 kg/L Overflow rate of 50 m/d Find Population of town served by this unit Sludge production rate Area of settling tank Settling velocity of particles Cut-off size of particles (find the particle diameter corresponding to this settling velocity. Assume rs = 2600 kg/m3. All particles larger than this size will settle)

Activated Sludge

Activated Sludge Components

Activated Sludge Components

Activated Sludge (cont’d)

Definition of BOD Microorganisms (e.g., bacteria) are responsible for decomposing organic waste. When organic matter such as dead plants, leaves, grass clippings, manure, sewage, or even food waste is present in a water supply, the bacteria will begin the process of breaking down this waste. When this happens, much of the available dissolved oxygen is consumed by aerobic bacteria, robbing other aquatic organisms of the oxygen they need to live. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose this waste. If there is a large quantity of organic waste in the water supply, there will also be a lot of bacteria present working to decompose this waste. In this case, the demand for oxygen will be high (due to all the bacteria) so the BOD level will be high. As the waste is consumed or dispersed through the water, BOD levels will begin to decline.

Activated Sludge Nomenclature Q+QR, S, X Q-Qs, S Q, So, Xo Qs+QR, Xs QR, Xs Qs, Xs S stands for conc. of substrate (organic matter, waste, etc.) or BOD X stands for conc. of microorganisms

Activated Sludge Nomenclature (cont’d) Q, So, Xo Q+QR, S, X ~Q, S m, V Qs+QR, Xs QR, Xs Qs, Xs Assumptions: Effluent bacteria concentration is 0 Concentration of substrate or BOD in sludge is 0 Sludge flowrate (Qs) is much smaller than Q

Decay of BOD and growth of organisms Substrate or BOD (S) decays with rate k: Microbes (X) grow at rate m:

Activated Sludge Equations The following equations are derived from conducting mass balances over: The entire system The aeration tank The sedimentation tank Any good book on wastewater engineering will have the derivations if you are curious!

Activated Sludge Equations Biomass (X) balance over entire system: Substrate (S) balance over entire system:

More AS equations Mass balance over sedimentation tank: Other equation(s)/rules of thumb: F/M = QSo/XV - Food-to-microbe ratio: 0.3 – 0.7 d-1 QR ~ 0.25 – 0.50 x Q X ~ 1000 – 2000 mg/L Problem types: Given Q, So, and S (target concentration) Find QR, Qs, X, m, V, Y

Example Find Qs, m, V, Y Given: Q = 1000 m3/d So = 150 mg/L S = 15 mg/L QR = 240 m3/d F/M = 0.3 d-1 X = 2000 mg/L Xs = 1% or 10,000 mg/L