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Change and development of Japan 2 Content Focus

3 Meiji Period [ ] Taisho Period [ ] Showa Period [ ] Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20 th century Early 20 th Century

Political conditions Social conditions Economic conditions Cultural conditions 4 Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20 th century

5  Meiji Constitution  Rise of political parties, e.g. Seiyukai (政友會) & Minseito (民政黨)  Rise of ultra-nationalist activities  How democratic?  Meiji Constitution  Rise of political parties, e.g. Seiyukai (政友會) & Minseito (民政黨)  Rise of ultra-nationalist activities  How democratic? Political Conditions Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20 th century 1. Democratic Development

2. Foreign Relations 6  : Eight-Power Expedition  1902: Anglo-Japanese Alliance  : Russo-Japanese War  : WWI  : Washington Conference  & 29-31: Shidehara Diplomacy  1931: Shenyang Incident  : Eight-Power Expedition  1902: Anglo-Japanese Alliance  : Russo-Japanese War  : WWI  : Washington Conference  & 29-31: Shidehara Diplomacy  1931: Shenyang Incident Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20 th century Relations: friendly? peaceful? hostile? change and continuity Relations: friendly? peaceful? hostile? change and continuity

1. Westernized? Traditional? 7  Westernized: Social equality Western style of living: e.g. food, clothing, ceremony, western movies,  Traditional: Food, e.g. Sushi, Sashimi Religious ceremonies Kimono  Westernized: Social equality Western style of living: e.g. food, clothing, ceremony, western movies,  Traditional: Food, e.g. Sushi, Sashimi Religious ceremonies Kimono Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20 th century Social Conditions

1. Westernized? Traditional? 8  Westernized: Social equality Western style of living: e.g. food, clothing, ceremony, western movies,  Traditional: Food, e.g. Sushi, Sashimi Religious ceremonies Kimono ( 和服 )  Westernized: Social equality Western style of living: e.g. food, clothing, ceremony, western movies,  Traditional: Food, e.g. Sushi, Sashimi Religious ceremonies Kimono ( 和服 ) Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20 th century Social Conditions I2giR14

2. Prosperity? Poverty? 9  Urbanization  Widening gap between the urban and rural areas  Urbanization  Widening gap between the urban and rural areas Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20 th century

3. High degree of freedom? 10 Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20 th century

11 Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20 th century  Basic human rights under the Meiji Constitution  Many labour organizations & movements  1920: New Women’s Association  Extent of the freedom?  Basic human rights under the Meiji Constitution  Many labour organizations & movements  1920: New Women’s Association  Extent of the freedom? The women's class of the Iwate Teachers' School., 1914

1.Economic prosperity? Rapid industrialization & strong influence of Zaibatsu 12 Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20 th century A Match Factory in Late Taisho Economic Conditions Yasuda ( 安田 ) Mitsubishi ( 三菱 ) Mitsui ( 三井 ) Sumitomo ( 住友 )

2. Economic Ups and Downs  Economic boom:  Economic bust: 1923: Great Tokyo Earthquake 1927: Bank Crisis 1929: Great Depression 2. Economic Ups and Downs  Economic boom:  Economic bust: 1923: Great Tokyo Earthquake 1927: Bank Crisis 1929: Great Depression 13 Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20 th century

1. Western Culture? Traditional Culture? 14 -Western and Japanese movies, drama -Shintoism (state religion), Confucianism, Ukiyo-e ( 浮世澮 ) -Western and Japanese movies, drama -Shintoism (state religion), Confucianism, Ukiyo-e ( 浮世澮 ) Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20 th century Cultural Conditions

Characteristics:  Pseudo-democracy  Bi-polarisation  Co-existence of westernization and tradition  Race between freedom and power/authority  Alternation of amity and hostility 15 Overview of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the 20 th century

Rise of Militarism 16 Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact

17 1. Militaristic Tradition Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact Factors of the Rise of Militarism

2.Weaknesses of the Party Government 18  Corruption of the Parties  Lack of Mass Support  Economic Crises  Corruption of the Parties  Lack of Mass Support  Economic Crises Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact Factors of the Rise of Militarism

19 3. Rise of domestic needs Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact A Japanese poster promoting emigration to Korea and Manchuria in the 1930s A Japanese poster recruiting youngsters to join the army to invade Manchuria Factors of the Rise of Militarism

4. Inglorious Foreign Policy 20 Japan in Washington Conference Japan in London Naval Conference of 1930 Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact Factors of the Rise of Militarism

5. Rise of Extreme Nationalistic Ideas 21 Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact 6. Western Discrimination 7. International Circumstances Factors of the Rise of Militarism

Reasons for the Rise of Militarism 22  Militaristic Tradition  Weaknesses of the Party Government  Western discrimination against Japan  Inglorious Foreign Policy  Growing domestic needs  Rise of Extreme Nationalistic Ideas  International Situation  Militaristic Tradition  Weaknesses of the Party Government  Western discrimination against Japan  Inglorious Foreign Policy  Growing domestic needs  Rise of Extreme Nationalistic Ideas  International Situation Relations between conditions in the early period and the rise of militarism Relative importance? Relations between conditions in the early period and the rise of militarism Relative importance? Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact

Characteristics of militarism: Emphasis on the use of force Stress on absolute loyalty and obedience Promotion of foreign expansion Pan-Asianism Anti-communism Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact

24 Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact Impact on Japan’s Relations with other countries Impact of the Rise of Militarism

25 Foreign Expansion Just this one? Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact Impact of the Rise of Militarism

26  Rise of extreme nationalists  Militaristic associations  Political instability  Collapse of the party government Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact Impact on Japan’s domestic development Impact of the Rise of Militarism

27  Political Control of the militarists  Suppressive livelihood Factors for the Rise of Militarism & its Impact Impact on Japan’s domestic development

28 1. Economic Reconstruction (1945 – 1952) 2. Economic Boom (1955 – 70) 3. Period of Transformation( ) 4. Economic Slowdown(1980 onwards) 1. Economic Reconstruction (1945 – 1952) 2. Economic Boom (1955 – 70) 3. Period of Transformation( ) 4. Economic Slowdown(1980 onwards) Factors for Postwar Economic Growth Stages of the Postwar Economic Growth

29 Factors for Postwar Economic Growth Hiroshima after WWII Nagasaki after WWII Postwar Economic Situation

30 Postwar Economic Situation Factors for Postwar Economic Growth 百年物語 disk2

Reasons for each period??? Common Factors??? Reasons for each period??? Common Factors??? 31 Factors for Postwar Economic Growth

Common Factors 32  Role of the US: SCAP & Post-SCAP Policies  Active Role of the Japanese Government  National Characters of the Japanese  Favourable International Circumstances  Role of the US: SCAP & Post-SCAP Policies  Active Role of the Japanese Government  National Characters of the Japanese  Favourable International Circumstances Importance? Relative Importance? Factors for Postwar Economic Growth

33 Factors for Postwar Economic Growth Economic recovery Open-air shopping street in 1945

Economic recovery 34 Factors for Postwar Economic Growth Jusco in the 1970s. A shopping street in 1955

Political Relations Economic Relations Cultural Relations 35 Relations with Other Asian Countries

36 Relations with Other Asian Countries

Chronological approach 37  1950s  1960s  1970s  1980s and after  1950s  1960s  1970s  1980s and after Problem: confined to political and economic aspects Relations with Other Asian Countries

Thematic approach 38  Political: improving relations with Asian countries Change and continuity??Change and continuity?? Relations with Other Asian Countries Obstacles: Denials of Aggression Official visits to Yasukuni Shrine Denials to Asian people's Quest for War Compensation Territorial Disputes with China Obstacles: Denials of Aggression Official visits to Yasukuni Shrine Denials to Asian people's Quest for War Compensation Territorial Disputes with China

39  Economic: From limited economic contact to strengthening economic relations with Asian countries Relations with Other Asian Countries Thematic approach Change and continuity??Change and continuity??

40 Cultural: increasing cultural influences of Japan in Asian countries Relations with Other Asian Countries Thematic approach Change and continuity??Change and continuity??

41 Change and development of Japan: Highlights

What are the characteristics of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the early 20 th century Japan? What economic problems did Japan face? What attempts did the government make to solve them? Was Japan a liberal country in the early 20 th century? What are the characteristics of the political, social, economic and cultural conditions in the early 20 th century Japan? What economic problems did Japan face? What attempts did the government make to solve them? Was Japan a liberal country in the early 20 th century? 42 Change and development of Japan: Highlights