5/23/2015NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A COMBUSTION TEAM Advisors: Dr. Darrell Guillaume Dr. Helen Boussalis Dr. Chivey Wu Team Members: Marisol Avila Johanna Lopez Alonzo Perez 1

Agenda Fundamentals Combustion Theory Combustion Chamber Design & Equipment Design CFD Analysis Testing Capabilities Conclusion Reference Timeline & Future Work 5/23/20152NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A

Process of Combustion Fuel Oxidizer Spark Exhaust Heat Bi-products of incomplete combustion and harmful to environment: NO x C H x C y CO 5/23/20153NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A

SPACE CENTER Multidisciplinary Flight Dynamics and Controls Laboratory part of NASA Research Center Housed in basement of C wing in Engineering Bldg : Simulation of combustion process & building of chamber began 2007: Building of combustion chamber finalized & testing initiated : Optimization of Jet Engine Combustion Chamber 5/23/20154NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A

Combustor Design Combustor, Flange & Interior Window Frame Welded Assembly Exterior Window Frames Combustor Flange Interior Window Frame Stepper Motors Ball Screw Kit Rods & Ball Bearings Swagelok Needle Valve Digital Flow Meter 5/23/20155NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A

Control Valve Flow rate control of different fuels – Kerosene – Bio-Diesel – Ethanol – Methanol – Octane Needle valve and digital fuel flow meter setup Needle Valve Digital Flow Meter Fuel 5/23/20156NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A

Volumetric Flow Rates 5/23/20157NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A

Purpose of Window View shape and color of flame – Based on different color we can tell how well fuel combusts Blue flame Orange flame Fuel atomization: How well fuel turns into fine mist – Fine spray helps combustion – Too fine spray causes increased particles – soot Measure particle velocity Measure flame temperature of different fuels as they combust Safety 5/23/20158NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A

Interior Window Frame Details Weld Stainless Steel 304L Frame to Stainless Steel 304L Chamber Can 2.5 x 5 inch viewing area 5/23/20159NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A

Exterior Window Frame Detail Exterior frame lip secures sapphire window to chamber 5/23/201510NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A

Modeled Boundary Conditions Equivalence = 1 Swirl Number = 20 Mass Flow Inlet = 85 lbs/sec Interfering Window Velocity Profile created in Solidworks Non - Interfering Window Velocity Profile of Final Window Design Combustion Flame Swirl 5/23/201511NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A

Sapphire Thermal Stability (Working Temperature) Sustains mechanical and optical qualities up to 2000°C. Optical Transmission Range Up to a 98.5% transmission and a transmission window from 190 nanometers in the UV to 5 microns in the IR Common Applications IR sensors & surveillance system hostile environment cameras furnace windows explosion and chemical windows Usage The superior material for optical transmission, clarity, strength, extreme high temperatures, harsh chemical and mechanical environments. Window Material Selection and Properties 12NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A5/23/2015

∆L = ∆L = Change in length L o = Initial length α L = Coefficient of linear thermal expansion ∆T = Change in temperature Change in length L o = Initial length α L = Coefficient of linear thermal expansion ∆T = Change in temperature Combustion Chamber Thermal Expansion Maximum Expansion (Inches) (Max. Temperature = 1200 °C) SapphireExternal Frame (304L Stainless Steel) Internal Frame (304L Stainless Steel) Thermal expansion in the X – direction Thermal expansion in the Y – direction /23/201513NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A

Gas Analyzer Testo 350-S/ -XL Flue Gas Analyzer Measures: - Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) - Carbon Monoxide (CO) - Nitrogen Oxide (NO 2 ) - Nitric Oxide (NO) Temperature: - units: C / F Velocity: - m/s & ft/min 5/23/201514NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A

5/23/2015NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A Model-based Control for Combustion Acoustics Model Set Up Results Troubleshooting Conferences 15

5/23/2015NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A Quantify the Influence of Vorticity on Pressure, Sound, Emissions, Temperature, and Efficiency Physical Model 45° Physical Model 16

5/23/2015 NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A Equipment for Acoustic Testing NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A CAD M9 Professional Microphone Conductor Cable MV200 Analog Power Supply Line Cord Suspension Chock Mount Lexicon Alpha Desktop Recording Studio – Lexalpha V USB Powered Cubase LE Software 17

5/23/2015NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A Equipment for Measuring Acoustic Response NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A Charge Amplifier – Type 2635 (Brüel & Kjaer) For general measurement Powered from internal batteries or DC power supply Piezoelectric Accelerometer – Type 4384 (Brüel & Kjaer) Testing and analysis High sensitivity High-frequency measurement Mounted on object to be tested by means of threaded steel stud 18

5/23/2015NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A Equipment for Temperature Measurements Data Logger Thermometer – HH309A (Ω Omega) Four input thermometer & data logger Windows-based software for display & saving of data Temperature range: -200°C to 1370°C 19

5/23/2015NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A Swirl Number 20 Cubase Microphone LE 4 Data Swirl Number 100 Swirl Number

5/23/2015NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A Emissions Study Intensive testing More structured approach to measuring emissions 21

Future Physical Modifications Incorporate Emissions Probe Stand once manufacturing is complete Install sapphire windows upon their arrival Install digital flow meter Calibrate needle valve Place high temperature gasket between diffuser and combustor Test complete set up Start research and work on laser set up to collect data through chamber viewing windows 5/23/201522NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A

5/23/2015NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A References Blake, W. K. “Mechanics of Flow-Induced Sound and Vibration” Blevins, R. “Flow-Induced Vibrations” Turns. H. “An Introduction to Combustion” Fox, R. & A. T. McDonald. “Introduction to Fluid Mechanics” Borman, G. L. & K. W. Ragland, “Combustion Engineering Anderson, J. D., “Compressible Flow” Heiser, W. H. & D. T. Pratt, “Hypersonic Airbreathing Propulsion” AIAA, “Scramjet Propulsion” Incropera, F. P. & DeWitt, D. P., “Introduction to Heat Transfer” 23

Project Timeline 5/23/201524NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A Large Scale Combustion Chamber Timeline: March February Student Name MARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDECJANFEB Sara Esparza Emissions and Flame Visualization Study & Testing Understanding PAHs and Emissions Testing for Emissions Profile Arrhenius Rate Equations and Species Formations Understanding Acoustic & Vibrations Testing with New Window Stochastic Processes Documentation Presentation Begin research on accelerometer locator Began Research on diffuser exhaustPresentation Dr. Spanos Presentation Testing for Window Design Validation Testing for Swirl Shape Research Flow Induced Vibrations & Random System Responses Research on Stochastic Processes Science Symposium Presentation Cosmos Chamber Vibrational Data Analysis Emissions Testing and Training Cosmos Chamber Vibrational Data Analysis Emissions Testing and Training Combustion Chamber Testing, Validation and Modeling Paper for Colorado Conference Alonzo Perez Emissions and Flame Visualization Study & Testing Thermal Profile Stand Fabrication Emissions Testing and Training Understanding Acoustic & Vibrations Testing with New Window Stochastic Processes Documentation Combustion Chamber Testing, Validation and Modeling Testing for Acoustic Data Testing for Swirl Shape Emissions Testing and Training Chamber Testing, Validation and Modeling Dr. Spanos Presentation Cosmos Chamber Vibrational Data Analysis Paper for Colorado Conference Johanna Lopez Emissions and Flame Visualization Study & Testing Flow Delivery Automation and Analysis Emissions Testing and Training Understanding Acoustic & Vibrations Testing with New Window Stochastic Processes Documentation Testbench setup and Test Plans for Vibration Testing Testing for Acoustic Data Testing for Swirl Shape Emissions Testing and Training Acoustic Studies and Journal Search Dr. Spanos Presentation Cosmos Chamber Vibrational Data Analysis Science Symposium Presentation

Project Timeline 5/23/2015NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A25 Large Scale Combustion Chamber Timeline: March February Student Name MARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDECJANFEB Sara Esparza Emissions Study Documentation, Testing, and Planning. Recruiting & Future Project Description Preparation Emissions Study Documentation, Testing, and Planning. Recruiting & Future Project Design Preparation Attempt combustion chamber modifications Analyze data to fit correlations. Compare against theoretical and numerical models Attempt combustion chamber modifications Determine engine parameters per new design and viable modifications Apply Schlieren, Shadowgraph, Optical Diagnostics and Laser Experimentation Knowledge and Equipment to Full Scale Combustor Alonzo Perez Emissions Study Documentation, Testing, and Planning Emissions Study Documentation, Testing, and Planning. Recruiting & Future Project Design Preparation Attempt combustion chamber modifications Analyze data to fit correlations. Compare against theoretical and numerical models Attempt combustion chamber modifications Determine engine parameters per new design and viable modifications Apply Schlieren, Shadowgraph, Optical Diagnostics and Laser Experimentation Knowledge and Equipment to Full Scale Combustor Johanna Lopez Emissions Study Documentation, Testing, and Planning Complete Design, Testing & Fabrication CFD analysis of combustion chamber Complete Design, Testing & Fabrication. Assist with knowledge transfer, training and recruiting. Gather Data Attempt combustion chamber modifications Gather Data & plan further chamber modifications to increase performance and variability Analyze data to fit correlations. Compare against theoretical and numerical models Attempt combustion chamber modifications Determine engine parameters per new design and viable modifications Apply Schlieren, Shadowgraph, Optical Diagnostics and Laser Experimentation Knowledge and Equipment to Full Scale Combustor

5/23/2015NASA Grant URC NCC NNX08BA44A Acknowledgements Space Center Students: Shing Chi Chan Nhan Doan Sara Esparza Sunny Karnani Long Ly Cesar Olmedo Michael Tran 26