Mineral and metals production: an overview Olle Östensson, Caromb Consulting

Outline of presentation What are minerals? Why is mining important? Geography of mining Demand for minerals Reserves and resources

Some definitions Metals are chemical elements that conduct electricity. In nature, they occur in the form of minerals, which are chemical compounds containing metals and with specific chemical and physical characteristics. Minerals occurring in sufficient quantity and grade to be economically exploitable are called ores.

What are minerals?

Uses of the major metals Aluminium: Transport, packaging, construction, high tension power lines Copper: Electrical conductors, construction, transport Gold: Investment, jewellery, electronics Lead: Batteries, pigments, ammunition, radiation shielding Nickel: Stainless steels, electroplating Platinum: Jewellery, catalysts Silver: Electronics, sterlingware Tin: Tinplate in packaging, solder, pigments Zinc: Galvanizing, brass and bronze

Most important metals in world mining 2005 Share in total value of metallic mineral production % (estimates) Volume of output (metal content in kilotonnes) Iron ore 21.9 800 000 Copper 18.0 16 900 Gold 13.5 3 Nickel 4.9 1 300 Zinc 3.4 10 300 Bauxite 1.5 31 000 Others 36.8 .. All metals 100.0

Why is mining relevant to development? Because… Around twenty developing countries depend on mining for more than half their export income – and the number is increasing Ease of entry into mining No need to mobilize domestic capital Easy access to technology No need for government financed infrastructure Easy market access Transparent and simple standards Minimal need for marketing Scale of revenues The world’s largest mines generated annual sales of more than US$ 12 billion, annual profits of more than US$ 8 billion in 2006-2007 Governments can easily appropriate rents

Example: Codelco, Chile, US$ billion Source: www.codelco.com

VALUE OF WORLD MINING YEAR 2005 TOTAL ~ 910 billion USD Source: Raw Materials Group, Stockholm 2006.

METALS VALUE AT MINE YEAR 2005 TOTAL ~ 250 billion USD Source: Raw Materials Group, Stockholm 2006.

Distribution of global mine production among regions, % Source: Calculations by Raw Materials Group

GLOBAL MINING – GEOGRAPHY 1990

GLOBAL MINING – GEOGRAPHY 2006 1. China 10.1%

TNCs IN GLOBAL MINING Sources: UNCTAD, based on Raw Materials Data, 2007.

CORPORATE CONCENTRATION % of total value of non-fuel mineral productionat the mine stage Source: Raw Materials Group, Stockholm 2007. Source: Raw Materials Data

Demand has increased – and so have prices Price index minerals, ores and metals (January 2000=100) Source: UNCTAD Commodity Price Bulletin

Reasons Asian minerals and metals demand has grown very rapidly and Asian countries have accounted for almost all of the increase in demand over the past five years China is now the world’s largest steel producer, steel consumer, steel exporter and iron ore importer, the world’s third largest iron ore producer and the third largest steel importer Metals use per capita is still very low in countries such as China and India, but they are still at a stage where metals consumption relative to GDP is rising and large populations make them more than significant forces on the market

China in the world iron and steel economy: per cent of world Source: UNCTAD, The Iron ore market 2009-2011

Outlook Demand will continue to be strongly linked to Asian growth and high rates of increase are expected Once the recovery from the recession is completed, capacity is expected to just keep up with growth in demand in the long term (next 8-10 years) A large share of output growth will take place in developing countries (Africa and Latin America), where there is now strong investor and exploration interest

Share of value added at the mining stage, 2005/2006 Metal Share of value added, % Gold 100 Platinum Group Metals Tin 83 Copper 77 Lead Nickel 70 Zinc 63 Cobalt 33 Bauxite/aluminium 9 Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report, 2007

CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Evolution of copper ore grades Source: Raw Materials Group

Growth of resource base Source: Crowson, P., 2000, Minerals Handbook, 2000-2001, London

Number of years’ production at 2 % annual growth Reserves Resource base Aluminium 81 1065 Copper 22 736 Iron 65 886 Lead 17 607 Nickel 30 526 Silver 15 731 Tin 28 759 Zinc 20 778 Source: Tilton, J.E., 2003, On Borrowed Time? Assessing the Threat of Mineral Depletion, Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C.

Recycling: a hypothetical example Assumptions Metals use has increased by 5 % annually in the past and continues to do so until year 5; from year 6 to year 15, metals use grows at an annual rate of 20 %; from year 16 to year 24 it grows at 10 %; from year 25 to 35 it is constant; from year 36 onwards it declines by 2 % per year The average life of metal containing products is 15 years 67 % of the metal in a product can be recycled.

Are mineral prices rising in the long term? Hotelling: Mineral prices should rise at the same annual rate as the rate of interest – if the price increase is lower, then more should be produced, if higher, resources should be left in the ground However, technology changes and new resources are discovered Over most of human history, real mineral prices have declined – technological progress has offset depletion Is the trend about to change?