Odian Book 2-12.

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Presentation transcript:

Odian Book 2-12

Common Engineering Thermosets (Not elastomers) Bismaleimides Epoxies Phenol / Formaldehyde Sheet Molding Compound Polyurethanes** **Also thermoplastics Step & Chain Growth Step & Chain Growth Step Growth Chain Growth Step Growth

Epoxy Systems f = 2 “Tube A” f = 4 “Tube B” Mechanism Network

Epoxy Systems Advantageous Properties of epoxies High chemical and solvent resistance Outstanding adhesion to many substrates Good impact resistance Good electrical properties

Epoxy Systems f = 2 “Tube A” f = 4 “Tube B” Network

Epoxy Systems Diglycidal Ether of Bisphenol-A (DGEBA)

Epichlorohydrin: Background Chlorine intensive - 4 atoms of chlorine/epi Yields: - chlorination: 82% - HOCl and closure: 92% Byproducts: - chlorinated organics Hydraulic load: - 47 lbs water/lb of epi

Epoxy Systems <Mn> ≈ 15,000 – 20,000 g/mol Viscous liquid to solid

Polyurethanes and Polyureas Thermoplastics Thermosets

Important Starting Materials for Polyurethanes Diisocyantes Polymeric Glycols (aka polyols) MW < 3,000 g/mol Chain extenders Catalysts Trialkyl tin acetate Dialkyl tin diacetate Relative rates 30,000x

Diisocyanates Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) Dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (H-MDI) Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) Cycloaliphatics

Diisocyanates Phosgenation

Chain Extenders For urethanes For ureas

Polyurethane Fibers Excess Pre-polymer Chain extenders

Sheet Molding Compound

Sheet Molding Compound

Phenol Formaldehyde Resins 1872 – Invented by Bayer 1907 – First patent and commercial process by Baekeland Success: First wholly synthetic polymer used commercially

Phenol Formaldehyde Resins Excellent thermal stability High char yield Low smoke generation Low smoke toxicity

Base-Catalyzed Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins (Resols) Excess formaldehyde Resols cure with heat alone

Base-Catalyzed Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins (Resols)

Base-Catalyzed Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins (Resols) Excess formaldehyde Resols cure with heat alone

Base-Catalyzed Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins (Resols) Cure of resole prepolymer proceeds under neutral or acidic conditions and at elevated temperature. Crosslinking occurs via the continued formation of methylene links and the formation of dibenzyl ether linkages. Higher temperatures favor the formation of methylene bridges Both are condensation reactions and produce water

Acid-Catalyzed Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins (Novolacs)

Acid-Catalyzed Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins (Novolacs) Excess phenol No hydroxy methyl groups Tg = 40 C MW = 1 – 3000 g/mol Require second additive for cure Hexamethylene tetraamine