Roman Religion disciplina Etrusca, hepatoscopy, auspices Indo-European sky god, Jupiter, numen, religio, animism, do ut des, penates Saturn (Cronos), Jupiter (Zeus), Juno (Hera), Neptune (Poseidon), Ceres (Demeter), Plutus (Hades), Vesta (Hestia), Minerva (Athena), Vulcan (Hepahestus), Mars (Ares), Apollo, Diana (Artemis), Bacchus/Liber (Dionysus), Venus (Aphrodite) Vestal virgins Pontifex Maximus, pontifices, state cults, calendar, augurs, spirituality? April Ab urbe condita Romulus and Remus, Rhea Silvia a queen of Trojan blood c. 500 Roman Republic 49 Caesar’s dictatorship 44 Caesar’s assassination, inheritance of Octavian 31 Actium 27 Octavian becomes Augustus 19 Virgil’s death Vergilius

The beginning of Virgil’s Aeneid Arma virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab oris Italiam, fato profugus, Laviniaque venit litora, multum ille et terris iactatus et alto vi superum saevae memorem Iunonis ob iram; multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urbem, 5 inferretque deos Latio, genus unde Latinum, Albanique patres, atque altae moenia Romae. Musa, mihi causas memora... Arms and the man I sing, who, first from frontiers Of Troy, by fate an exile, came to Lavinian Shores, that man much tossed on lands and sea by the violence of the gods because of the mindful anger of savage Juno. Having suffered many things also in war, until he founded a city and introduced his gods to latium, when ce come the Latin race, the Alban fathers, and the walls of high Rome. Musa, recall for me the causes...

Ovid 43 BC - 17 AD equestrian family, rhetorical training, patronage of Messalla, carmen et error AD 8 Hellenistic precursors in metamorphosis boundaries between divine and human, animal, plant and inanimate

_ v v | _ v v|_ || _ | _ _ | _ v v | _ _caesura In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas corpora; di, coeptis (nam vos mutastis et illas) adspirate meis primaque ab origine mundi ad mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen. The spirit brings (me) to tell of forms transformed into new bodies. Gods, for you transformed those (forms) also, inspire my attempts and lead a continuous song from the earliest origin of the world down to my own times. Dactylic hexameter, i.e. epic poetry 1-5 amorous adventures of gods 6-13 heroes Roman myths

Succession Myths an alternative version in Homer Iliad Hera speaks For I am faring to visit the limits of the all-nurturing Earth and Oceanus, from whom the gods are sprung, and mother Tethys, even them that lovingly nursed and cherished me in their halls, when they had taken me from Rhea, when Zeus, whose voice is borne afar, thrust Kronos down to dwell beneath earth and the restive sea. [205] Them am I going to visit, and will loose for them their endless strife, since now for a long time's space they hold aloof one from the other from the marriage-bed and from love, for anger has come upon their hearts. “genetic” And Hesiod Theogony the four prim/ordial divinities First Chaos came to be, but next wide-breasted Earth, the ever-sure foundation of all the deathless ones who hold the peaks of snowy Olympus, and dim Tartarus in the depth of the wide-pathed Earth, [120] and Eros (Love), fairest among the deathless gods, who unnerves the limbs and overcomes the mind and wise counsels of all gods and all men within them. “spontaneous” ChaosGaiaTartarusEros

Genesis 1“artificial” 1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. 2 Now the earth was [a] formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters. 3 And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light. 4 God saw that the light was good, and He separated the light from the darkness. Met. 1.8 Chaos a raw and undivided mass 18 all objects were at odds 21 This strife a god, and a better nature, solved. Who severed land from sky... Gen Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, in our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, [b] and over all the creatures that move along the ground." Met A holier creature, of a loftier mind, fit master for the rest, was lacking still. Then man was made, perhaps from seed divine formed by the great Creator,...

Genesis When the Lord God made the earth and the heavens and no shrub of the field had yet appeared on the earth [b] and no plant of the field had yet sprung up, for the Lord God had not sent rain on the earth [c] and there was no man to work the ground, but streams [d] came up from the earth and watered the whole surface of the ground the Lord God formed the man [e] from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being. Met Earth that Prometheus molded, mixed with water, in likeness of the gods that govern the world.

Ages of Mankind Gold, Silver, Bronze, Iron Of baser vein all evil straight broke out, and honour fled and truth and loyalty Gigantomachy Giants, it’s said, to win gods’ domain Jupiter called the gods to conclave 170 here reside the great and famous, this majestic place (to speak so bold) is heaven’s Palatine. 200 So when the blood of Caesar by impious hands was spilt to expunge the name of Rome,,, nor do you rejoice, Augustus, in your subjects’ loyalty less than Jove in his. Lycaon 225 he slew a hostage sent from far Epirus, slitting his throat, and boiled part of his flesh... And bade me eat

Flood Deucalion and Pyrrha The stones the man had thrown were formed as men Themis, Parnassus, Delphi, Prometheus All other forms of life the earth brought forth, in diverse species, of her own accord 415

Serpent Pytho Apollo and Daphne Your bow, Apollo, may vanquish all, but mine shall vanquish you. 555 And still Apollo loved her; on the trunk he placed his hand and felt beneath the bark...

Jove and Io Inachus Silent, but from your heart so deep a sigh! A moo - all you can say- is your reply. Argeiphontes Syrinx, pan-pipes Epaphus

Phaethon Clymene Would he had never touched his father’s steeds, nor learnt his birth... Phaethon, son of king Merops of Ethiopia and Clymene, demands to drive the chariot of his real father, the Sun. Despite warnings against it, he takes the chariot and loses control, causing widespread destruction. At Earth’s insistence, Jupiter destroys Phaeton with lightning. 42 words

Callisto Jove heard and smiled, happy that she preferred him to himself. Arcas

Narcissus and Echo it’s for myself I burn with love

Pyramus and Thisbe 145 Hapless boy,..., your hand, your heart destroyed you; mine, my hand, my heart are brave for this deed too.

Salmacis and Hermaphroditus 375 Fool, fight me as you will,..., you’ll not escape! You gods ordain no day shall ever dawn to part us twain.

Perseus and Andromeda If you rate my thanks so low, accept a gift. He gazed, entranced; and overcome by loveliness so exquisite, so rare, almost forgot to hover in the air. The son of Jove and her whom Jove’s golden shower made fertile. From their mother’s blood swift-flying Pegasus and his brother (Chrysaor) sprang.

Rape of Proserpine Cyane Newt Sirens

Arachne 6.4 I should have praise myself Athens’ naming, 80 “to provide examples to instruct her rival what reward she should expect for her insensate daring” Rhodope and Haemon, Oenoe (pygmy matron), Antigone, Cinyras Europa, Asterie, Antiope, Alcmena, Danae, Aegina, Mnemosyne, Proserpine In all that work of hers Pallas could find, envy could find, no fault.

Medea and Jason 7.20 One way desire, another reason calls; the better course I see and do approve - the worse I follow

Medea and Aeson Medea drew her blade and slit the old king’s throat and let the blood run out and filled his veins and arteries with her elixir.

Medea and Pelias But when her witch’s poison had consumed the new wife, and the sea on either side had seen the royal palace all in flames, the wicked sword was drenched in her sons’ blood.

Minos, Aeacus, and the Plague at Aegina, the Myrmidons Here, hard at work, my eyes fell on an endless stream of ants.

Cephalus and Procris I called again, “come best and loveliest!” A falling leaf made a slight rustle and I thought it was some lurking beast and hurled my javelin.

Philemon and Baucis since in concord we have spent our years, grant that the selfsame hour may take us both, that I my consort’s tomb may never see, nor may it fall to bury me.