C-1influences of birth defects Environmental: things & people in a person’s surroundings ex. Mother’s health, family, friends, home, community, life experiences Hereditary: traits passed down from one generation to the next ex. Eye, skin, & hair color

C-2Harmful Substances Nicotine: low birth weight, miscarriages, premature births, respiratory infections Alcohol: fetal alcohol syndrome Drugs: pass on addiction to baby, long-term learning & behavioral problems Chemicals: lead-paint, carbon monoxide X-rays: childhood cancer, miscarriages

C-3exposure to disease Rubella (German measles) Toxoplasmosis Varicella (chicken pox) STDs

C-4Accidental Cerebral palsy: brain damage before, during, or shortly after birth Accidental injuries

C-5Hereditary Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs, Sickle cell anemia Defective dominant gene from one parent hemophiia, Huntington’s disease, color blindness

C-6Hereditary Errors in chromosomes: problems with the number or structure of chromosomes Down’s syndrome

C-7Hereditary & Environmental Heart defects Cleft lip/Cleft palate Spina Bifida & hydrocephalus Multiple births – fraternal twins

C-8Conception Sperm fertilizes an egg Fertilized egg attaches to wall of uterus Menstration stops until pregnancy is over Male determine the sex of child XX – girl XY – boy

C-9Signs of pregnancy Missed period Full feeling in lower abdomen Tired or faint Frequent, urgent need to urinate Swollen breasts causing discomfort or tenderness Morning sickness

C-103 Prenatal Stages Zygote: fertilized egg; conception to 2 weeks Embryo: developing baby for 3 rd week of pregnancy through the 8 th week Fetus: final stage of pregnancy for the ninth week until birth

C-111 st trimester: development Baby: face, eyes, ears, & limbs develop bones form nostrils, mouth, lips, teeth buds, eyelids form fingers & toes almost developed all organs Mom: signs of pregnancy; gain 2 to 4 lbs

C-122 nd trimester – details Baby: suck thumb, swallow, hiccup, & move around, facial features clear, hair, eyelashes & eyebrows organs mature 8-10 inches long, weighs 8 – 12 oz Mom: appetite increases; slight fetal movements; gains about 10 – 12 lbs

C-133 rd trimester – growth Baby: periods of activity followed by periods or rest & quiet; weight gain continues rapidly; may react to loud noises; 9 th month – movement decreases Mom: size may affect posture; backache; leg cramps; “lightening” false labor pains

C-14Healthy Pregnancy Maintain personal hygiene Dental checkups Loose-fitting comfortable clothing 8 to 9 hours of sleep each night; 15 to 30 minute rest time during day Low-impact activity; no contact sports Add 300 extra calories per day Regular doctors appointments

C-15 Home delivery, hospital, birthing center Natural birth, lamaze method, Leboyer method Obstetrician, family doctor, midwife

C-16 Signs of Labor Contractions “bloody show” Water breaks Cervix dilates – 10 cm (bagel) Cervix thins – thin as paper Lightening – when baby drops lower into the pelvis

C-17 Pre-labor (signs of labor appear) mother may feel a burst of energy “bloody show” water breaks

C-18 1 st stage of labor – cervix dilates contractions every 15 or 20 minutes full dilation – 10 cm

C-19 2 nd stage of labor – baby is born 20 minutes to 2 hours pelvic & vaginal area scrubbed baby is born – head, shoulders, legs, feet umbilical cord is cut

C-20 3 rd stage – afterbirth delivered mild contractions separate placenta for uterine wall nurse massages abdomen of mother (10 to 30 minute) mother pushes to expel placenta