FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Background for Qin Emergence Seeds of Decline in Spring and Autumn Period ( )

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands How does better transp. help them? Better able to feed cities & armies Background for Qin Emergence Seeds of Decline in Spring and Autumn Period ( )

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Impact on cities & armies? Background for Qin Emergence Seeds of Decline in Spring and Autumn Period ( )

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Wealth & power of princes? Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Background for Qin Emergence Seeds of Decline in Spring and Autumn Period ( )

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Growing wealth & power of princes Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Background for Qin Emergence Seeds of Decline in Spring and Autumn Period ( )

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Growing wealth & power of princes Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Background for Qin Emergence Seeds of Decline in Spring and Autumn Period ( )

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Growing wealth & power of princes Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Background for Qin Emergence Seeds of Decline in Spring and Autumn Period ( ) Warring States Period ( )

A map showing the various principalities during the Age of Warring States.

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Growing wealth & power of princes Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Background for Qin Emergence Seeds of Decline in Spring and Autumn Period ( ) Warring States Period ( ) Rise of the Qin Uncouth Westerners

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Growing wealth & power of princes Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Background for Qin Emergence Seeds of Decline in Spring and Autumn Period ( ) Warring States Period ( ) Rise of the Qin Uncouth Westerners Developments  Rise Ag Reforms Stronger Milit (weapons, innovation, peasants) Bureaucracy

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Growing wealth & power of princes Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Background for Qin Emergence Seeds of Decline in Spring and Autumn Period ( ) Warring States Period ( ) Rise of the Qin Uncouth Westerners Developments  Rise Ag Reforms Stronger Milit (weapons, innovation, peasants) Bureaucracy Take Over Stearns Map 83

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Makes new provinces & non-hereditary gov’s Lowered taxes & restored canals Great Wall vs. nomad horsemen Growing wealth & power of princes Who finally unites China? Uniform laws, taxes & wt’s & measures Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Redistributed land to peasants

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Makes new provinces & non-hereditary gov’s Great Wall vs. nomad horsemen Growing wealth & power of princes Shih Huang Ti unites China  Qin Dyn. ( B.C.E.) & several far reaching reforms & projects Uniform laws, taxes & wt’s & measures Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Redistributed land to peasants Shi Huangdi Great Man, not Great Guy

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Makes new provinces & non-hereditary gov’s Great Wall vs. nomad horsemen Growing wealth & power of princes Shih Huang Ti unites China  Qin Dyn. ( B.C.E.) & several far reaching reforms & projects Uniform laws, taxes & wt’s & measures Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Redistributed land to peasants Shi Huangdi Great Man, not Great Guy Boy King

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Makes new provinces & non-hereditary gov’s Great Wall vs. nomad horsemen Growing wealth & power of princes Shih Huang Ti unites China  Qin Dyn. ( B.C.E.) & several far reaching reforms & projects Uniform laws, taxes & wt’s & measures Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Redistributed land to peasants Shi Huang Di Great Man, not Great Guy Boy King Shi _____ Huang ______ Di ________

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Makes new provinces & non-hereditary gov’s Great Wall vs. nomad horsemen Growing wealth & power of princes Shih Huang Ti unites China  Qin Dyn. ( B.C.E.) & several far reaching reforms & projects Uniform laws, taxes & wt’s & measures Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Redistributed land to peasants Shi Huang Di Great Man, not Great Guy Boy King Shi _____ Huang ______ Di ________ Paranoid Megalomaniac

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Makes new provinces & non-hereditary gov’s Great Wall vs. nomad horsemen Growing wealth & power of princes Shih Huang Ti unites China  Qin Dyn. ( B.C.E.) & several far reaching reforms & projects Uniform laws, taxes & wt’s & measures Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Redistributed land to peasants Shi Huang Di Great Man, not Great Guy Boy King Shi _____ Huang ______ Di ________ Paranoid Megalomaniac Takes over China by 221

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Makes new provinces & non-hereditary gov’s Great Wall vs. nomad horsemen Growing wealth & power of princes Shih Huang Ti unites China  Qin Dyn. ( B.C.E.) & several far reaching reforms & projects Uniform laws, taxes & wt’s & measures Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Redistributed land to peasants Belief System?

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Makes new provinces & non-hereditary gov’s Great Wall vs. nomad horsemen Growing wealth & power of princes Shih Huang Ti unites China  Qin Dyn. ( B.C.E.) & several far reaching reforms & projects Uniform laws, taxes & wt’s & measures Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Redistributed land to peasants Qin Legalism Shang Yang Book of Lord Shang

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Growing wealth & power of princes Shih Huang Ti unites China  Qin Dyn. ( B.C.E.) & several far reaching reforms & projects Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Redistributed land to peasants Qin Rule Weakening Power of Vassals

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Makes new provinces & non-hereditary gov’s Growing wealth & power of princes Shih Huang Ti unites China  Qin Dyn. ( B.C.E.) & several far reaching reforms & projects Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Redistributed land to peasants Qin Rule Weakening Power of Vassals Bureaucratic Administration

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Makes new provinces & non-hereditary gov’s Growing wealth & power of princes Shih Huang Ti unites China  Qin Dyn. ( B.C.E.) & several far reaching reforms & projects Uniform laws, taxes & wt’s & measures Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Redistributed land to peasants Qin Rule Weakening Power of Vassals Bureaucratic Administration Standardization Laws

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Makes new provinces & non-hereditary gov’s Lowered taxes & restored canals Great Wall vs. nomad horsemen Growing wealth & power of princes Shih Huang Ti unites China  Qin Dyn. ( B.C.E.) & several far reaching reforms & projects Uniform laws, taxes & wt’s & measures Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Redistributed land to peasants Qin Rule Weakening Power of Vassals Bureaucratic Administration Standardization Laws Building Projects Canals/Roads Great Wall

Later Great Wall

***The Great Wall we see today that snakes its way over the mountains of China, instead of just connecting them & using their natural defenses, was a later creation of the Ming Dynasty ( ).

The bulk of the Great Wall consisted of packed earth, which was contained by two facing walls of stone and brick, at least in the east where stone was available. Various sources say up to 1,000,000 workers were conscripted from all over the empire to labor on the wall in the broiling summer heat & winter cold. Reportedly, some 400,000 of them died in the process, earning the Wall the title of China’s “Longest Cemetery”. According to legend, some bricks were hauled by the tails of mountain goats. Supposedly, Shih Huang Ti’s original intention was to completely encircle China’s land frontiers with a horseshoe shaped wall, but that proved too ambitious even for him.

Even a country as populous as China couldn’t man the entirety of a 1700 mile long wall. More likely, it was built against the nomads’ horses. While nomads could probably find an unguarded place to scale the wall, their horses couldn’t. As long as the intermittent fortified gates were manned, the nomads, who weren’t going anywhere without their horses, would generally keep their distance to avoid disastrous traps like the one depicted below.

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Makes new provinces & non-hereditary gov’s Lowered taxes & restored canals Great Wall vs. nomad horsemen Growing wealth & power of princes Shih Huang Ti unites China  Qin Dyn. ( B.C.E.) & several far reaching reforms & projects Uniform laws, taxes & wt’s & measures Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Redistributed land to peasants Qin Rule Weakening Power of Vassals Bureaucratic Administration Standardization Laws Building Projects Canals/Roads Great Wall Tomb

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“Replicas of palaces, scenic towers, and the hundred officials, as well as rare utensils and wonderful objects, were brought to fill up the tomb. Craftsmen were ordered to set up crossbows and arrows, rigged so they would immediately shoot down anyone attempting to break in. Mercury was used to fashion imitations of the hundred rivers, the Yellow river and the Yangtze, and the seas, constructed in such a way that they seemed to flow. Above were representations of all the heavenly bodies, below, the features of the earth.”

Among the most startling archaeological finds and evidence of Shih Huang Ti’s megalomania is his tomb at Xian, which contains an army of over 6,000 larger-than- life terracotta warriors, including horse and chariot units, all there to protect the emperor in the next world.

Through painstaking work, scientists have been able to re-create how the terra cotta warriors were painted, making them even more lifelike.

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Makes new provinces & non-hereditary gov’s Lowered taxes & restored canals Great Wall vs. nomad horsemen Growing wealth & power of princes Shih Huang Ti unites China  Qin Dyn. ( B.C.E.) & several far reaching reforms & projects Uniform laws, taxes & wt’s & measures Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Redistributed land to peasants Qin Legalism Weakening Power of Vassals Bureaucratic Administration Standardization Laws Building Projects Canals/Roads Great Wall Tomb Implications

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Makes new provinces & non-hereditary gov’s Lowered taxes & restored canals Great Wall vs. nomad horsemen Growing wealth & power of princes Shih Huang Ti unites China  Qin Dyn. ( B.C.E.) & several far reaching reforms & projects Uniform laws, taxes & wt’s & measures Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Redistributed land to peasants Qin Legalism Weakening Power of Vassals Bureaucratic Administration Standardization Laws Building Projects Canals/Roads Great Wall Tomb Implications Repression

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Makes new provinces & non-hereditary gov’s Lowered taxes & restored canals Great Wall vs. nomad horsemen Growing wealth & power of princes Shih Huang Ti unites China  Qin Dyn. ( B.C.E.) & several far reaching reforms & projects Uniform laws, taxes & wt’s & measures Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Redistributed land to peasants Results “Successes” Growth of Bur Trade Colonization Unified China

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Makes new provinces & non-hereditary gov’s Lowered taxes & restored canals Great Wall vs. nomad horsemen Growing wealth & power of princes Shih Huang Ti unites China  Qin Dyn. ( B.C.E.) & several far reaching reforms & projects Uniform laws, taxes & wt’s & measures Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Redistributed land to peasants Results “Successes” Growth of Bur Trade Colonization Unified China Resentment and Rebellion Commoners Scholars

FC.54 IMPERIAL CHINA: THE QIN & HAN DYNASTIES (500 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Makes new provinces & non-hereditary gov’s Lowered taxes & restored canals Great Wall vs. nomad horsemen Growing wealth & power of princes Shih Huang Ti unites China  Qin Dyn. ( B.C.E.) & several far reaching reforms & projects Uniform laws, taxes & wt’s & measures Local princes replace village leaders with their own agents to collect taxes Local princes raise own armies  Less distinction b/w princes & Zhou emp’s Indep. & competing princes  “Age of Warring States”( B.C.E.) Rise of towns, trade, & middle class during Zhou Dynasty (FC.53) Local princes build canals for transp. & irrig. Princes claim newly dev. lands Princes get tolls from rising trade Better able to feed cities & armies Redistributed land to peasants Legacy Death End of Dynasty Transformation United China Strengthed Shi Public Works Law Script Example of Tyranny Han