Fire Safety II INSY 3020/7970/7976/ENH 670 Occupational Safety & Ergonomics

2 Outline Introduction to Fire Safety Exit Routes Fire Protection Emergency Action Plan Fire Prevention Plan OSHA Subpart E OSHA Subpart L Evacuation Modeling

3 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations United States Code (USC) Congress US Statutes at Large Federal agencies Regulations and Standards Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Indexed by alphanumeric code 50 topics or titles Ex: 29 CFR-OSHA General Industry Regulations

4 29 CFR-OSHA General Industry Regulations Title 29 of the CFR Part 1910: general industry Each part is divided into subparts (26) and sections Paragraphs & subparagraphs, etc. 29 CFR (c)(2) 29 CFR 1910 OSHA General Industry Regulations

5 OSHA Tidbits Shall means must and is mandatory. Should means recommended. Minimal Standards The standards do not prohibit a better type of construction, more exits, etc.

Subpart E Part Number:1910 Part Title: Occupational Safety and Health Standards Subpart: E Subpart Title: Exit Routes, Emergency Action Plans, and Fire Prevention Plans Standard Number:1910 Subpart E1910 Subpart E

Coverage and definitions Compliance with NFPA , Life Safety Code Design and construction requirements for exit routes Maintenance, safeguards, and operational features for exit routes Emergency action plans Fire prevention plans

Coverage and definitions Coverage Every employer is covered Exits routes are covered Some Definitions Exit Exit access Exit discharge Exit route Occupant load Refuge area

9 Refuge Area A space along an exit route that is protected from the effects of fire by separation from other spaces within the building by a barrier with at least a one-hour fire resistance-rating; or A floor with at least two spaces, separated from each other by smoke-resistant partitions, in a building protected throughout by an automatic sprinkler system that complies with of this part

Compliance with NFPA , Life Safety Code An employer who demonstrates compliance with the exit route provisions of NFPA , the Life Safety Code, will be deemed to be in compliance with the corresponding requirements in , , and

11 Life Safety Code ® Handbook

Design and construction requirements for exit routes Basic requirements for Exit routes An exit route must be permanent An exit must be separated by fire resistant materials Openings into an exit must be limited The number of exit routes must be adequate A single exit route Two exit routes More than two exit routes

Design and construction requirements for exit routes An exit route must meet minimum height and width requirements The ceiling of an exit route must be at least 7’6” (2.3 m) high. Any projection from the ceiling must not reach a point less than 6’8” (2.0 m) from the floor An exit access must be at least 28” (71.1 cm) wide at all points The width of an exit route must be sufficient to accommodate the maximum permitted occupant load of each floor served by the exit route 6’8” 7”6”

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Maintenance, safeguards, and operational features for exit routes The danger to employees must be minimized Lighting and marking must be adequate and appropriate The fire retardant properties of paints or solutions must be maintained Exit routes must be maintained during construction, repairs, or alterations An employee alarm system must be operable

Emergency action plans Application An employer must have an emergency action plan whenever an OSHA standard in this part requires one. Written and oral emergency action plans Minimum elements of an emergency action plan

Fire prevention plans Employee information An employer must inform employees upon initial assignment to a job of the fire hazards to which they are exposed. An employer must also review with each employee those parts of the fire prevention plan necessary for self-protection.

Subpart L Part Number:1910 Part Title: Occupational Safety and Health Standards Subpart: L Subpart Title: Fire Protection Standard Number:1910 Subpart L1910 Subpart L Title: Authority for 1910 Subpart L Appendix: A, B, C, D, EABCDE

Subpart L Scope, application and definitions applicable to this subpart Fire brigades Portable fire extinguishers Standpipe and hose systems Automatic sprinkler systems Fixed extinguishing systems, general Fixed extinguishing systems, dry chemical Fixed extinguishing systems, gaseous agent Fixed extinguishing systems, water spray and foam Fire detection systems Employee alarm systems Appendices A - E

20 Classes of fire Fires are classified by the material that is burning. Fires are designated as: Class A Class B Class C Class D

21 Classes of fire "Class A fire" means a fire involving ordinary combustible materials such as paper, wood, cloth, and some rubber and plastic materials, leaving an ash residue and burn with a white to gray smoke.

22 Classes of fire "Class B fire" means a fire involving flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, greases and similar materials, and some rubber and plastic materials.

23 Classes of fire

24 Classes of fire "Class C fire" means a fire involving energized electrical equipment where safety to the employee requires the use of electrically nonconductive extinguishing media.

25 Classes of fire

26 Classes of fire "Class D fire" means a fire involving combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium and potassium.

27 Fire Extinguishment Systems Portable extinguishing Extinguisher rating the numerical rating given to an extinguisher which indicates the extinguishing potential of the unit based on standardized tests developed by Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. Ex: 2-A or 20-B (relative effectiveness) Fixed extinguishing permanently installed system that either extinguishes or controls a fire at the location of the system.

28 “Extinguisher classification” means the letter classification given an extinguisher to designate the class or classes of fire on which an extinguisher will be effective. Fire extinguishing agents are classified according to the types of fires on which they are effective. Agents may be classified as “A,” “B,” “C” or “D,” or combinations of types. “ABC,” “BC” and “AB” are common fire extinguisher designations. Fire Extinguishing Agents

29 Fire Chemistry The Fire Tetrahedron. The Fire Tetrahedron. The removal of any one element extinguishes the fire. The removal of any one element extinguishes the fire. OXYGEN FUEL HEAT CHEMICAL CHAIN REACTION

30 Water Water (Class “A” Agent) Removes heat, best on Class “A” fires, best overall agent. Very bad for Class “B” fires as it spreads the fuel. Very bad for Class “C” fires as it conducts electricity. Disastrous on a Class “D” fire, may cause an explosion.

31 Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide (Class “BC” Agent) "Carbon dioxide" means a colorless, odorless, electrically nonconductive inert gas that is a medium for extinguishing fires by reducing the concentration of oxygen or fuel vapor in the air to the point where combustion is impossible.

32 Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide (Class “BC” Agent) Displaces oxygen reducing its concentration to below the level capable of supporting combustion. Good for Class “B” and “C” fires. Not good for Class “A” fires. Hazardous to humans.

33 Dry chemicals Ordinary dry chemical powder (Class “BC” Agent)- Siliconized Sodium Bicarbonate. Airborne powder interrupts the chemical chain reaction. Does not smother, cool or remove fuel. Good for Class “B” and Class “C” fires.

34 Dry Chemicals Multipurpose dry chemical powder (Class “ABC” Agent) Siliconized Ammonium Phosphate. Performs as above, plus the powder melts when it contacts a hot surface, sealing the oxygen away from the fuel. Good for Class “B” and Class “C” fires. Fair for Class “A” fires.

35 Foam Foam (Class “AB” Agent) Water based detergent floats on surface of burning liquids, excluding oxygen from the fuel. Excellent cooling qualities, same as water. Not suitable for a Class “C” fire.

36 Dry powder Dry powder (Class “D” Agent) Only for Class “D,” metal fires. Low velocity, sodium bicarbonate or sand. Attempts to smother fire; however, some metal fires will continue to burn with no apparent source of oxygen.

37 PKP or Purple K Powder PKP or Purple K Powder (Class “BCD” Agent) Potassium bicarbonate dyed purple to distinguish it from other agents. Primarily for Class “D” fires (smothering). It will work on Class “B” and Class “C” fires as well (interrupting).

38 PKP or Purple K Powder PKP or Purple K Powder (Class “BCD” Agent)

39 Fire detection systems Heat detector temperature is the primary indicator of fire Fixed temperature Smoke detector Smoke is the primary fire indicator Ionization – contains radioactive material that “charges” smoke particles and senses the electrical potential Photoelectricity – smoke disrupts a beam of light.

40 Fire detection systems Flame detectors Monitor the wavelength of light for those most common to fire. Susceptible to false readings Rate of rise detectors Respond to fires that flame up quickly but do not react to slower changes in ambient temperature. Gas sensors Use the presence of combustion gases as the primary fire indicator.

41 Fixed Extinguishing Systems (Sprinkler Systems) Sprinkler systems Automatic Semiautomatic Studies have shown that sprinkler systems to be the most effective means for controlling fires in buildings. NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems NFPA 13D Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes NFPA 13E Recommended Practice for Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected by Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems

42 Fixed Extinguishing Systems (Sprinkler Systems) NFPA 13R Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Residential Occupancies up to and Including Four Stories in Height NFPA 14 Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems NFPA 15 Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection NFPA 16 Standard for the Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler and Foam-Water Spray Systems

43 Sprinkler Systems Wet-pipe system Contains water under pressure at all times. Any sprinkler head that is opened will allow water to pass immediately. can be damaged by water freezing in the pipes or leakage Antifreeze solution

44 Wet-pipe system

45 Sprinkler Systems Dry-pipe system Contains pressurized air or nitrogen at all times. Water is separated from the dry pipes. When sprinkler head is opened, pressure is lost. This loss of pressure opens a valve to release water into the system. Dry-pipe system is suitable for areas subject to freezing. Slower than wet-pipe system

46 Dry-pipe system