How are fingerprints used in Forensics?

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Presentation transcript:

How are fingerprints used in Forensics? Fingerprints are impressions that are left on surfaces in the oil which is deposited by a persons touch. Every living person has a unique pattern of ridges and depressions on the tips of their fingers. This makes it possible to positively identify an individual victim or criminal or prove the presence of a suspect at a crime scene.

History The principle of fingerprint was recognized three thousand years ago in ancient China, where it was common for legal contracts to be endorsed by the fingerprints of the parties involved. This custom was also adopted by the Japanese. In the 1900’s, William Herschel introduced contracts “signed” by the print of the signatory’s right hand. First group to use computer stored fingerprint records was the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in the mid-1970’s. Finger print records can now be scanned at tens of thousands of prints per second.

Collection Fingerprints found at a crime scene fall into three main categories: Visible Easiest to spot Made by fingers that have been in contact with paint, ink, blood, etc… Plastic Made by fingers pressing into a soft surface Latent Most common & hardest to see Made when natural oils & perspiration are transferred to a surface by touch Magnetic powders and tape Dust them with a powder. White powder is used on dark surfaces. Dark powder is used on light-colored surfaces. Ninhydrin spray turns purple in contact with human amino acids. Silver nitrate reacts with salt in perspiration forming silver chloride and is revealed under UV light. Fuming with super-glue relies on cyanoacrylate ester. Fuming with iodine for lifting prints from fabrics.

Categorization Patterns of ridges on the surface. Three basic types of fingerprints: Loops (2/3’rds of population have loops) Radial Ulnar Ridges/Arches Plain Tented Whorls (almost 1/3’rd of population has whorls) Double Loop Central Pocket Loop Accidental

Comparison Visual identification Computer recognition (American Fingerprint Identification System AFIS)

Reliability No two persons have the same patterns of ridges and depressions. With a high quality print and a known set of prints for comparison, such as a victim or AFIS data base, positive ID of a body, suspect, or individual’s presence at a crime scene is possible. Without a known set for comparison, fingerprints can provide direction for an investigation.

Additional Applications for Using Fingerprints Child-find kits Pre-employment background checks Security clearance Secure accessibility for door entrances, computers, etc…

Resources Hidden Evidence by David Owen, Firefly Books, 2003, pp. 160-167 Crime Scene Investigations by Pam Walker & Elaine Wood, The Center for Applied Research in Education, 1999, pp. 3-10 Poster - “Fingerprint Classification Chart” Ward’s Natural Science – designed by Robert Verni http://perso.orange.fr/fingerchip/biometrics/types/fingerprint.htm