Biotechnology

-Is the alteration of an organism, its cells or biological molecules (DNA) to achieve specific industrial or medical goals. -Modern biotechnology techniques whose goals are achieved by deleting, adding or replacing genes.

Genetic Engineering -Modern biotechnology techniques whose goals are achieved by deleting, adding or replacing genes. Featherless chickens

Genetic Engineering/biotechnology is used to : Larger ears and yields of corn. 1.Produce genetically modify plants and animals by inserting desirable genes from one organism into the DNA of another organism. -Make plants insect resistant -Make plants salt resistant -Tsunami Region -Make glow in the dark mice and bacteria

-Create glow in the dark organisms.

Glowing Cats Glowing Cats

Bill Nye: Genetically modified organisms. Bill Nye: Genetically modified organisms.

2. Produce medicines like insulin and human growth hormone. Insert the human gene for making these proteins into a bacteria cell and have the bacteria “mass produce” these much needed proteins for us.

3. Solve crimes -Create a “DNA fingerprint” -no two people have the exact same DNA code so everyone’s DNA fingerprint is different. -can be used to link a person to a crime scene.

4. Determine parentage. -Who’s your daddy? -Think Jerry Springer………..can use a child’s DNA to link them to who their real parents are Mom Child 3 Child 1 Child 2 Dad Child 4

All forms of genetic engineering revolve around the production of recombinant DNA and the use of restriction enzymes.

Recombinant DNA: A new DNA sequence created when the DNA of one organism is inserted into the DNA of another organism. This “new combination” of DNA is known as recombinant DNA.

Restriction Enzymes: -These are enzymes naturally occurring in bacteria. -The bacteria use these enzymes to protect themselves from viruses invading them. -Restriction enzymes “cut up” the DNA that the virus injects into the bacteria so that the virus cannot be reproduced.

There are 75 different known kinds of restriction enzymes, all named after the bacteria where they were obtained from. Each restriction enzymes recognize and cuts DNA at a specific sequence of 4 to 6 base pairs.

Example: EcoRI……..restriction enzyme derived from Ecoli bacteria Recognition site: GAATTC- Cuts DNA between the G and the A Creates “Sticky ends”

Other examples of restriction enzymes include:

Using restriction enzymes to create “recombinant DNA”: Making Humalin (human insulin made by bacteria) 1. Locate desirable gene. Gene for human insulin is located on chromosome # Add restriction enzyme EcoRI to cut out this desirable gene. -EcoRI ‘s recognition site: GAATTC Cuts DNA between the G and the A 3. Add same restriction enzyme to plasmid of bacteria. 4. Create complementary sticky ends.

5. Allow bacteria to use its sex pili to pick up desirable gene from its environment. 6. Add DNA ligase to bond complementary sticky ends together creating recombinant DNA. 7. Allow bacteria to reproduce asexually creating many copies of the recombinant DNA.

Simplified Explanation video

Creating a DNA fingerprint: 1. Collect DNA from any cell on a person’s body. 2. Add restriction enzyme to the DNA. 3. Restriction enzyme “cuts” the DNA into many pieces every time it recognizes its specific recognition site.

5. One end of apparatus is negative and the other is positive (like a battery). DNA is negative. 6. Turn on electricity. 4. Place DNA sample into the gel electrophoresis apparatus.

7. DNA which is negative is picked up by current and carried towards the positive end of the apparatus because opposites attract. 8. The different size DNA fragments travel different distances. The largest fragments move the least distance and the shorter fragments move the most. 9. A dye is added and a banding pattern is revealed. This banding pattern is unique to everyone and is called a DNA fingerprint. Video

DNA fingerprint used to solve a crime:

DNA fingerprint to prove parentage :

$75-$100

$50-$75

Twigg v. Mays Plaintiff Ernest and Regina Twigg Defendant Robert Mays Plaintiff's Claim That the parental rights held by the Twiggs compelled that they be granted custody of 14- year-old Kimberley Mays who was switched at birth with another newborn. Chief Lawyer for Plaintiff John Blakely Chief Defense Lawyers George Russ, David Denkin (guardian ad litem) Judge Stephen Dakan Place Sarasota County, Florida Date of Decision 18 August 1993 Decision Ruled in favor of Mays, by terminating the Twiggs' legal rights to Kimberly and clearing the way for Robert Mays to adopt her.

Missing Children video Missing Children video