WHS AP Psychology Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress Essential Task 8-8: Describe how emotions are expressed and how cultural influences shape emotional expression.

We are here Motivation & Emotion Stress Sources Measures Theories Effects Coping Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Intrinsic/ Extrinsic Motivation Human Drives Theories of Emotion James-Lange Cognitive Appraisal Schachter two-factor Cannon-Bard Opponent Process Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

Essential Task 8-8: Outline

Expressed Emotion Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this non-verbal language of emotion universal?

5 Expressed Emotions

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11 Uncomfortable Which direction are the feet pointing? Arms or legs crossed / hands clasped Looking around the room Agrees as much as possible

12 Boredom Fidgeting shows boredom and restlessness. Tapping of the foot is distracting and a sure sign of boredom. Slow looks around the room/ceiling or a fixed gaze

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14 Flirting Primping Eyes turned downward Held tilting Exposure of the neck Smile (coy)” an expression combining a half- smile and lowered eyes “ Eye contact Proximity Caressing of self Needless touch Parading Samson Pose

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26 Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior Women are much better at discerning nonverbal emotions than men. When shown sad, happy, and scary film clips women expressed more emotions than men.

27 Detecting and Computing Emotion Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving emotions. Even trained professionals like police officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time. Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine? Dr. Paul Elkman, University of California at San Francisco

28 Culture and Emotional Expression When culturally diverse people were shown basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them (Ekman & Matsumoto, 1989). Elkman & Matsumoto, Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion

29 Business world Business school students were given two versions of a case study about a venture capitalist. The case studies were identical in every way, except in one version the venture capitalist was a woman, and in the other, a man. The students were then asked to evaluate the VC. Students found the male and female versions to be equally competent and effective. However, when the students thought the venture capitalist was a woman they found her to be less genuine, humble, and kind and more power- hungry, self-promoting, and disingenuous. And the more assertive a student found the female venture capitalist to be, the more they rejected her.

30 Work-world perceptions differ People possess entrenched cultural ideas that associate men with leadership qualities like decisiveness, authoritativeness, and strength Associate women with nurturing qualities like warmth, friendliness, and kindness. Consequently, when women behave in dominant ways, they are seen as unlikeable because they violate norms of female niceness. Alternatively, women displaying feminine traits are judged as less competent and capable. Women, then, face a kind of trade off: competency vs. likeability. Men do not face this kind of trade off.

31 Body-language of those in power Differences in the non-verbal behaviors between those at the top and bottom of social hierarchies. Those with higher status take up more space through expansive postures like sitting with legs and arms spread apart, smile less and stare directly into another person’s eyes. Those with lower status take up less space through constrictive postures like crossing one’s legs, smile more, and glance away.

32 Use some dominant body-language People unconsciously defer to those who use dominant physical postures. Thus, Gruenfeld suggested that using dominant postures may be a subtle way for women to overcome the trade off they face by enabling them to both assert power and remain likeable. Furthermore, using dominant postures may enable women to act more decisively since Gruenfeld found in a recent experiment she conducted that when people are asked to stare directly into someone’s eyes they reported a much greater generalized sense of power than if they are asked to glance away intermittently.

33 DISTANCE BETWEEN FACES TONE OF VOICETYPE OF MESSAGE very close (3-6") soft whisper top secret or sensual close (8-12") audible whisper very confidential neutral (20-36") soft voice, low volume personal subject matter neutral (4.5-5') full voice non-personal information across the room (8- 20') loud voice talking to a group stretching the limits (20-24' indoors and up to 100' outdoors) loud hailing voice departures and arrivals Derived from The Silent Language by Edward Hall (1959)

34 Cultural Use of Space. Typical North American OfficeTypical Japanese Office