Parts of the Eye - Pupil.

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Presentation transcript:

Parts of the Eye - Pupil

Pupil The adjustable opening in the center of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye (surrounded by the iris) In bright conditions the iris expands, making the pupil smaller. In dark conditions the iris contracts, making the pupil larger.

Parts of the Eye - Lens

Lens A transparent structure behind the pupil; focuses the image on the back of the eye (retina) Muscles that change the thickness of the lens change how the light is bent thereby focusing the image (Accommodation) Glasses or contacts correct problems in the lens’ ability to focus.

The lens correctly focuses the image onto the back of the eye (retina).

(Myopia) Misshapen eye focuses light rays from a distant object in front of the retina. Can see near but not far.

(Myopia) Misshapen eye focuses light rays from near objects past the retina. Can see far but not near. (Hyperopia)

Farsightedness Nearsightedness Astigmatism Presbyopia

Parts of the Eye - Retina

Retina Light-sensitive surface with cells that convert light energy to nerve impulses At the back of the eyeball Made up of three layers of cells Receptor cells (Rods & Cones) Bipolar cells Ganglion cells

Parts of the Eye - Fovea

Fovea The central focal point of the retina The spot where vision is best (most detailed)

Receptor Cells (Rods & Cones) These cells are present in every sensory system to change (transduce) some other form of energy into neural impulses. In sight they change light into neural impulses the brain can understand. Visual system has two types of receptor cells – rods and cones

Rods Visual receptor cells located in the retina Can only detect black and white Respond to less light than do cones Located around the fovea.

Cones Visual receptor cells located in the retina Can detect sharp images and color Need more light than the rods Many cones are clustered in the fovea at the center of the retina.

Rods Cones Discovering PSY p 88 Photo at top of page

Distribution of Rods and Cones Cones—concentrated in center of eye (fovea) approx. 6 million Rods—concentrated in periphery approx. 120 million Stare at a word and you’ll notice the others around it become blurred. (Clear word seen with cones, blurry area seen with Rods) Blind spot—region with no rods or cones

Parts of the Eye – Optic Nerve

Optic Nerve The nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the thalamus then on to the occipital lobes of the brain

Parts of the Eye – Blind Spot

Blind Spot The point at which the optic nerve travels through the retina to exit the eye (Optic Disk) There are no rods and cones at this point, so there is a small blind spot in vision. (do demo on page 98) We don’t notice our blind spot because each eye compensates for the other or your brain “fills in” the missing background info. (Top-down process & Gestalt Theory) Cover your right eye and stare at the can as you move closer to the screen. Notice the spider disappear in your peripheral vision?

Visual Pathway From the eye to the brain Light travels through… Cornea – Pupil – Lens – Fovea (retina) – Rods/Cones – Bipolar Cells – Ganglion cells (movement & light /color & detail) – Optic Nerve (blind spot) – Optic Chiasm (crossover point) – Thalamus – Occipital Lobe (Primary Visual Cortex)

How Can I Possibly Remember All of That in Order? Cool = Cornea People = Pupil Like = Lens Frosties = Fovea (Rods & Cones) Because = Bipolar Cells Gangsters = Ganglion Cells Never = Optic Nerve Cheat = Optic Chiasm The = Thalamus Officers = Occipital Lobe Don’t like this one? Create Your Own!!!