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3 Contents CHAPTER FOCUS SECTION 1The Indus River Valley SECTION 2The Huang Ho Valley CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER ASSESSMENT Click a hyperlink to go to the corresponding section. Press the ESC key at any time to exit the presentation.

4 Chapter Focus 1 Overview Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter 5 focuses on the development of the Harappan and Shang civilizations in South Asia and China.  –Section 1 describes the Harappan civilization in the Indus River valley.  –Section 2 explains the development of the Shang civilization in the Huang Ho Valley.

5 Chapter Focus 2 Objectives discuss how the Indus River valley civilization developed.  After studying this chapter, you will be able to: summarize what has been learned from the ruins at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.  explain how religion influenced the Shang dynasty.  analyze why the Shang dynasty declined. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

6 Chapter Focus 2 Read to Discover Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 83 of your textbook. How the Indus River valley civilization developed  What has been learned from the ruins of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro  How religion influenced the Shang dynasty  Why the Shang dynasty declined

7 Chapter Focus 3 planned communities  citadel  dynasty  ancestor  oracle bones  nobles  Harappans  Aryans  Yü the Great  Wu  Terms to Learn People to Know Indus River  Harappa  Mohenjo-daro  Huang Ho valley Places to Locate Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the Speaker On button to listen to the words.

8 By 2500 B.C., cities started to appear in the Indus Valley of South Asia. By 2000 B.C., they were being established in the Huang Ho (Yellow River) valley of China. More isolated than the people of Mesopotamia or Egypt, the people of the eastern river valley civilizations were cut off from other parts of the world by high mountains, broad deserts, and large bodies of water. As a result, they became self-sufficient, or able to take care of nearly all their own needs. Compared to the Sumerians and the Egyptians, they did little trading with other parts of the world. Because few artifacts have been found, much of what is known about the ancient eastern river valley civilizations comes from legends. Even so, available evidence points to unique and rich cultures that continue to interest archaeologists. Chapter Focus 4 Why It’s Important Click the Speaker On button to replay audio.

End of Chapter Focus

10 Section 1-1 The Indus River Valley The Indus River flows through the countries known today as Pakistan and India.  About 2500 B.C., a group of people called Harappans settled in the valley of the Indus River.  Although others had lived there before, the Harappans were the first to create a civilization.  The Indus River shaped the lives of the Harappan people. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 83 of your textbook.

11 Section 1-2 The Indus River Valley (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. They built dikes and dams in order to settle near the Indus River.  The Harappans were the earliest known people to grow cotton.  They produced cotton cloth hundreds of years before anyone else.  They used river mud to make bricks, which they baked in the sun.  They fired, or baked, some bricks in kilns, or ovens. They used these kiln-dried bricks as a covering over the mud bricks.

12 Section 1-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Harappan civilization centered around two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.  These cities are the oldest examples yet found of planned communities, or cities built to a definite plan.  The buildings were laid out on a planned street grid, or uniform network.  Most buildings were two stories high and were built around a courtyard, which opened into several rooms. Harappa and Mohenjo-daro

13 Section 1-4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The most important buildings of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro were built high above the houses and shops so as to be safe from neighboring peoples and floods.  In each city, a citadel, or fortress, stood on a mound at least 40 feet high.  Both cities had huge granaries. Harappa and Mohenjo-daro (cont.)

14 Section 1-5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. No one knows for certain how Harappan civilization came to an end.  One reason may have been that the Harappans used up their natural resources.  Another reason may have been that the Harappans cut down too many trees to fuel their ovens.  A third reason may have been that the Indus River valley was invaded and all the Harappans were killed. Decline of the Harappans

15 Section 1-6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. All that is certain is that Harappan civilization began to change about 1700 B.C.  By 1200 B.C., a group of people called Aryans had taken over the Indus River valley.  Harappan civilization ceased to be. Decline of the Harappans (cont.)

16 Section 1-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Very little is known about the Harappan people and their civilization.  As yet, no one has been able to read Harappan writing.  All that is known about Harappan religion is that there was more than one god, and most Harappan gods were female.  One of the most important finds was a series of tiny seals made of soapstone. Evidence of a Lost Civilization

17 Section 1-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Experts believe the seals were used to stamp the wet clay that sealed packages of goods.  Some Harappan seals have been found as far away as Sumer. Evidence of a Lost Civilization (cont.)

18 Section 1-Assessment 1 Section Assessment How did the Indus River influence the Harappans? It influenced them in the building of dikes and dams, cities, houses, and public buildings; and in farming and irrigation. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

19 Section 1-Assessment 2 Section Assessment (cont.) What were some of the outstanding features of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro? They had planned street grids, a sanitation system, citadels, and huge granaries; Mohenjo-daro also had a Great Bath. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

20 Section 1-Assessment 3 Section Assessment (cont.) Predicting Consequences What do you think archaeologists would learn about the Harappans if they could read Harappan writing? Answers will vary. They might learn about the daily life of the Harappans. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

21 Sample accomplishments include planned communities, street grids, bathrooms, sanitation system, granaries, system of writing, use of seals, creation of jewelry and weapons, and so on. Section 1-Assessment 4 Section Assessment (cont.) Draw a diagram like the one on page 87 of your textbook. Use it to summarize the accomplishments of the Harappans. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Section 1

23 Section 2-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2 begins on page 88 of your textbook. The Huang Ho Valley About 2000 B.C., a civilization developed in the Huang Ho valley of northern China.  There are no records of its beginnings, and no remains have been found.  According to Chinese legend, a man-god named Yü the Great drove out the serpents and dragons that lived along the Huang Ho.  Yü founded a kingdom called Xia and united most of northern China under his rule.

24 Section 2-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Huang Ho Valley (cont.) The valley was cut off from other civilizations.  The people there developed their culture without borrowing from other civilizations.  By 1800 B.C., there were villages and farms all along the river.  They built small round clay houses with thatched roofs.

25 Section 2-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The first records of Chinese civilization come from a dynasty, or ruling family, called Shang.  The Shang came to power in 1766 B.C. and built the first Chinese cities.  Most were designed in the same way, with a palace and a temple in the center.  The city was the home of the rich, the learned, and the skilled.  Poorer people lived in the countryside. Cities of the Shang

26 Section 2-4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Shang worshiped spirits, or supernatural beings, which they believed lived in mountains, rivers, and seas.  The people believed they had to please the spirits.  The Shang believed that ancestors, or those from whom one is descended, also influenced people’s fortunes.  Because of this respect for ancestors, family ties were very important to the Shang. Spirits, Ancestors, and Kings

27 Section 2-5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Shang believed that their kings received their power from the spirits of nature and their wisdom from their ancestors.  Kings also asked the advice of their ancestors before making important decisions by scratching questions on a flat, polished piece of bone.  These bones are known as oracle bones, and the writing on them is the oldest known form of Chinese writing. Spirits, Ancestors, and Kings (cont.)

28 Section 2-6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Under the king was a large class of nobles, or people of high rank in a kingdom.  Nobles rode into battle in horse-drawn bronze chariots wearing bronze helmets and armor made of buffalo or rhinoceros hide.  Soldiers–generally poor peasants–marched on foot behind nobles’ chariots. Spirits, Ancestors, and Kings (cont.)

29 Section 2-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. There was a great gap between rich and poor during the rule of the Shang.  Neither the rich or poor felt any loyalty toward the other.  Many experts believe that this gap between rich and poor weakened the Shang civilization.  In 1122 B.C., a people known as Zhou invaded the Shang kingdom.  The Shang left behind a great gift to the rest of the world in their works of bronze. Decline of the Shang

30 Section 2-Assessment 1 Section Assessment What were some of the Shang religious beliefs? They worshiped spirits and departed ancestors, and believed in spiritual powers and duties of kings. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

31 Section 2-Assessment 2 Section Assessment (cont.) What may have been the reason for the decline of the Shang civilization? The distance between rich and poor may have been the reason for the decline of Shang civilization. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

32 Section 2-Assessment 3 Section Assessment (cont.) Formulating Questions If world leaders today could use oracle bones, what questions might they want answered before making decisions? Answers will vary. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

33 Section 2-Assessment 4 Section Assessment (cont.) Draw the diagram shown on page 92 of your textbook, and use it to show the structure of a typical Shang city. center–palace and temple around the palace/temple–public buildings and homes of high government officials outer district–workshops, burial grounds, homes of workers Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Section 2

35 Chapter Summary 1 Chapter Summary & Study Guide The eastern river valley civilizations began in the Indus River valley about 2500 B.C. and in the Huang Ho valley about 2000 B.C.  The first people to build a civilization in the Indus River valley were the Harappans.  The Harappans are believed to have been the first people to produce cotton cloth, bake bricks in ovens, and build sanitation systems. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

36 Chapter Summary 2 Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Harappan cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro are the oldest known planned communities.  No one knows for sure how the Harappan civilization ended, but the Aryans moved into and took over the valley about 1200 B.C.  The legendary kingdom of Xia probably was established in China about 2000 B.C.  The Shang started the first recorded Chinese dynasty around 1766 B.C.

37 Chapter Summary 3 Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Shang believed spirits and ancestors influenced their lives.  The Shang developed the form of writing found on oracle bones and a method of making beautiful bronze artworks.  Shang civilization ended with the Zhou invasion of 1122 B.C.

End of Chapter Summary

39 Chapter Assessment 1 Understanding the Main Idea Why is so little known about the early life of people in the Indus River and Huang Ho valleys? because very few remains have been found Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

40 Chapter Assessment 2 Why were Harappa and Mohenjo- daro unique places in which to live? because they were planned communities Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

41 Chapter Assessment 3 What were some of the possible reasons for the decline of the Harappans? They may have used up their natural resources or may have been invaded and killed. Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

42 Chapter Assessment 4 What evidence suggests that there was trade between Harappa and Sumer? Some Harappan seals have been found in Sumer. Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

43 Chapter Assessment 5 Why were family ties important to the Shang people? because they respected their ancestors and believed they would bring the Shang people good fortune Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

44 Chapter Assessment 6 Understanding the Main Idea How did Shang kings use oracle bones? Questions were scratched on a bone. Cracks on the bone were believed to be the ancestors’ replies. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

45 Chapter Assessment 7 Why did the gap between the rich and poor help weaken the Shang? because it prevented them from uniting to hold off invaders Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

46 Chapter Assessment 8 What cultural contribution did the Shang leave to the world? works of bronze Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

47 Chapter Assessment 9 Why did people in the eastern river valleys borrow little from people in other regions? because they were cut off from other parts of the world by mountains, deserts, and water Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

48 Chapter Assessment 10 What do you think may happen to a civilization if it uses up its natural resources? Why? A civilization may die or its people may move. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking

49 Chapter Assessment 11 Do you think people today hold ancestors in the same high regard as the Shang? Explain. Critical Thinking

50 Chapter Assessment 12 Place Refer to the map of early India on page 84 of your textbook. Note the location of the Indus civilizations and the geographic features that may have affected its development. Describe what other area of this region is a likely place for other civilizations to develop. Explain why. A likely place would be along the eastern coast and the Bay of Bengal, and along the Ganges River. Geography in History Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

51 Chapter Assessment 13 The geographic locations of the Harappan and Shang affected their quality of life. Which civilization would have been most affected by a monsoon that blew from the southwest? Explain. The Harappans with coastal areas would be hit first and hardest. The Shang might get rains. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Chapter Assessment

53 History Online Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to

54 Global Chronology Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information B.C. Cities appear in Huang Ho valley 2500 B.C. Cities appear in Indus River valley 1122 B.C. Zhou invade Shang kingdom 1766 B.C. Shang come to power in China 1200 B.C Aryans arrive in Indus River valley

55 People in History 2.1 Wu, the ruler of a former Shang territory, led the attack against the last Shang emperor. The emperor was so cruel that many soldiers gave up without a fight. Wu, known as “the Military King,” believed the gods wanted the Zhou dynasty to rule China, and he became the first Zhou ruler. Wu C B.C. Zhou King

56 Fun Facts 1.1 Harappan bathrooms contained no bathtubs. People preferred to pour water over themselves from hand-held pitchers. No Showers?

57 Then & Now 1.1 Today, many people in India and Pakistan wear bangles–ring-shaped bracelets and anklets. So did the Harappans. To find out how the Harappans made their bangles, archaeologists in the 1980s and 1990s turned to present-day bangle makers. Using traditional methods, they gave archaeologists insights into how the Harappan bangle makers might have worked. Bangles

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