Weathering and Soils (ch.3): Week 5, Friday; September 26, 2014.

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Presentation transcript:

Weathering and Soils (ch.3): Week 5, Friday; September 26, 2014

Kaolinite Illite Vermiculite

Clay Minerals Building block: Si Tetrahedra SiO 4

Clay Minerals Building block: Al Octahedra Al(OH) 6

Clay Minerals SiSi O Al OH Octahedral Layer Tetrahedral Layer Dominantly formed by hydrolysis and hydration

Clay Minerals

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of Kaolinite

Hydrolysis: H + replaces a cation in a mineral 4KAlSi 3 O 8 + 4H + + 2H 2 O  4K + + Al 4 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 8 + 8SiO 2 Weathering granite forms “grus” Potassium feldspar Kaolinite (clay) Formation of Clay Minerals via Weathering

Clay Minerals and Progressive Weathering O T T O T T Cations O T T O T T Weathering O T O T O O

Clay Minerals Why are clay minerals so important on Earth’s surface?

Clays exhibit “shrink-swell” behavior because of their ability to hold water Clay Function #1: They Hold Water!

Cation Exchange: Exchange of cations between minerals and solutions Commonly exchanged cations: H +, K +, Na + Ca 2+, Mg 2+ Al 3+ Clay or organic compound Clay or organic compound Clay mineral Exchangeable cations Clay Function #2: They Hold Nutrients!

Beware: “Clay” versus “Clay” …or to a specific grain size (<2μm) Exchangeable water or cations versus “Clay” can refer to a specific family of minerals…

Soil Profiles O A E B C

Soil Development

Description of Soil Pit on Huntington River Terrace #X Names 0 cm 100 cm 50 cm 25 cm 75 cm O A E B C A Horizon (x – x cm): Describe here…. Use this for a gradational transition Use a dashed line for a more diffuse contact… … and use a solid line for a more defined contact