Part 1: A New Spirit: Expansion

 James Monroe was elected president, Democrat-Republican  Federalists finished as a political party  Presidents Washington, Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe were all from Virginia; they became known as the Virginia Dynasty

 Great population growth happened as well as gaining new lands  Indiana was admitted as a state in 1816  Mississippi became a state in 1817  Illinois in 1818  Alabama in 1819  United States now has 22 states

 In the west there was a huge difference in people  In the west people were equal, they helped and protected each other  It was difficult, lonely, dangerous, and required a lot of work to live in the west  This spirit that spawned from the west became known as “nationalism”  Henry Clay brought it to congress

 Four big problems in the west: 1. Needed roads for transportation 2. Land prices needed to be inexpensive and regulated by government 3. People needed loans from banks 4. Markets for farm goods needed protection from the government

Part 2: The South

 Southern conditions were great for farming with long growing seasons, abundant rainfall, and broad, fertile lowlands  Grew lots of cash crops such as: cotton, rice, sugar, tobacco, indigo, and hemp  The south had to buy most of their manufactured goods from Europe, and with tariffs added to these good it made for high prices

 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793  The gin separated the cotton from the seeds  Before the gin cotton was not very profitable, it took lots of slave labor to separate  After the gin it became very profitable and cotton became know as either “King Cotton” or “White Gold”  Cotton was the king of the south and lots of slaves were needed to work it

 Industry has always been large in the northern states  They wanted the government to keep European good out of the U.S. to help industry grow  View points were being heard from three separate regions:  Southern states  Western frontier  Northern New England States

Part 3: Monroe’s Leadership

 Due to the growing sectionalism amongst the states Monroe chose his cabinet very carefully:  Secretary of State: John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts  Secretary of War: John C. Calhoun of South Carolina  Secretary of the Treasury: William Crawford of Georgia  He chose his cabinet to represent all sections of the country to make all happy

 Two terms of Monroe were called “the era of good feelings”  Monroe was elected to a second term with all the electoral votes except 1  One vote was given to the other candidate just to keep George Washington as the only president ever elected unanimously

 Trouble along the Georgia-Florida line  Complaints of Indian attacks from Florida  Indians taking slaves  Spanish encouraging slaves to escape to Florida

 John C. Calhoun put Andrew Jackson in charge of settling the matter  Jackson put together an force  Led the attack into Florida and captured the Spanish stronghold of Pensacola, Florida  Spanish were upset by this action  Adams-Onis Treaty came out of this  Spain gave all of Florida to the U.S. for $5 million

Part 4: Slavery

 By 1819 western settlers had added 4 states: 1. Indiana 2. Mississippi 3. Illinois 4. Alabama  Next Missouri asked to be added as the 12 th slave state due to its slave count  There were 11 slave states and 11 free states, power in the senate was balanced between the North and South until Missouri wanted to join  This created problems with the North and debate was heated

 Missouri would be the first slave state west of the Mississippi River  North afraid that slavery would spread through the whole Louisiana region  South afraid that if it was admitted as a free state then it would destroy the slavery system currently used  Debate became very heated, because which every side Missouri joined would determine who had power in the government

 Debate continued for several months  Maine asked to join as a state during this time; a free state  This could solve the problems  Henry Clay, who became known as “The Great Compromiser” came up with a plan to satisfy both sides

 Statehood for Missouri and Maine combined  Missouri would be allowed as a slave state  Maine would join as a free state  This would provide 12 free states and 12 slave states  Also no slavery would be allowed north of the 36° 30’ of the Louisiana Territory; except Missouri  This resolved this issue temporarily

Part 5: Other Problems

 European colonies wanted to revolt against their mother countries and become free as America  American continent began to rebel against their governments

 Many of the European countries agreed to send powerful armies and fleets to regain control of their colonies in North and South America  British didn’t take part in the agreement, because trade was very profitable for them and if they joined that would come to an end

 George Canning, British foreign secretary, suggested England and American join together and form a warning to all European countries to stay out of Latin America  Most agreed, however the president was talked out of it and into creating our own warning called the “Monroe Doctrine”

 Announced his doctrine during annual message to congress  It stated that any European country that tried to extend its influence in the western hemisphere would be taken as a threat to the safety of the U.S.  British not happy about the Americans doing this on their own  Europe didn’t take seriously, however didn’t act until years later

Part 6: Election Time

 Due to the sectionalism occurring in the America at this time; the West, North, and South all wanted different leadership of the country  This created 5 candidates that would run for presidency in this election  Virginia Dynasty was about to end as well as the Southern Influence

 Nominations:  New England – John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts)  Henry Clay  South had two candidates – William Crawford (Georgia) - John C. Calhoun (South Carolina)  However, Calhoun decided to withdraw from the running and support the very popular Andrew Jackson

 This man is on a well known American item, what is it?  It is used frequently in many places you may go.  He of course was one of our presidents and a very famous general.

 We need to understand these two terms to understand the election results  Majority is when somebody gets over 50% of the votes in an election  Plurality is when somebody gets the most votes however it is not more than 50%  Of the 261 electoral votes:  Jackson = 99  Adams = 84  Crawford = 40  Clay = 37  Jackson had plurality however not majority  Due to this the House of Representatives would vote on the top three candidates and choose the winner

 Henry Clay was eliminated because he had the least votes  Because Crawford only had 40 votes he was also not a popular candidate  Henry Clay didn’t want Jackson to be president so he worked hard to persuade others that he should not be president  It worked, John Q. Adams was chosen as president  Jackson was angry and felt that Adams and Clay worked against him; he vowed to win the next election