Development & Learning Kimberley Clow Office Hours: Mon 10am-12pm

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Presentation transcript:

Development & Learning Kimberley Clow Office Hours: Mon 10am-12pm

Outline Development Development of the Visual System Methodologies Different Perceptual Developments Beyond Vision Experience Deprivational Effects Critical Periods Restored Vision

Visual System Develops

Retinal Development

Acuity

Contrast Sensitivity

Developmental Differences

Colour 1 Week 2 Months

Other Eye Developments Eye Movements Saccades Smooth Pursuit Accommodation Near-Sighted

Infants are born with astigmatism

Methodologies Unlearned Responses eye movements (fixation and scanning) reflex responses (startle, avoidance) preferential looking Learned Responses habituation Infant Psychophysics Forced-choice preferential looking Topic Specific

Fixation & Scanning

Age Differences

Face Perception

Reflex Responses

Preferential Looking

What Do They Prefer?

When Paired

Habituation

Forced-Choice Preferential Looking

Form Perception

Perception of Motion

Depth Perception

Monocular Depth Cues

Stereoscopic Depth Perception

Overview

Not Just Vision

Experience

The Oblique Effect Poorer Acuity

Anomalous Early Experience Naturally occurring conditions that can interfere with normal vision Cataracts Strabismus Astigmatism Major Consequences are Amblyopia Stereoblindness

Strabismus Esotropia Exotropia

Consequences

Astigmatism Goggle RearingCylinder Rearing

Results No Astigmatism

Monocular Deprivation Experience with just one eye

Results

Normal Vision Deprived Vision

Binocular Deprivation

What’s Going On? Normal cells compete for synaptic contact End up getting equal shares When a deprivation occurs (naturally, temporarily, or otherwise), there is no competition Loses its share of cortical space Cortical neuron

Critical Periods When these deprivations occur is important Early in life Can be reversed if corrected soon enough Examples Cataracts must be corrected within 5 months Astigmatisms must be corrected within 2 years Stereopsis requires retinal disparity from 3 ½-6 months

Perceptual-Motor Development

Adapting to Displaced Vision

Restored Vision Molyneux asked whether a man born blind who had his sight restored later in life would recognise by sight an object that he had previously only known by touch Nativists say “yes”; Empiricists say “no” Several studies have examined this question What does research say…

The Case of SB Elephant

Immediate 3 months 6 months