The Australian English Curriculum & Literacy as a General Capability Developed by Bronwyn Parkin Project Officer, Numeracy and Literacy, Teaching and Learning Services

Module 1 Introduction to the model of language and literacy in the Australian Curriculum o Language and literacy in the English Curriculum o Literacy as a general capability in the learning areas Literacy Secretariat Literacy is everyone’s business

The Australian English Curriculum

Role of English curriculum in teaching language and literacy In the Early Years, English provides the foundational skills knowledge and understandings for further learning (Shaping paper May 2009 p11)

Three strands Language knowing about the English language Literature understanding, appreciating, responding to, analysing and creating literature Literacy expanding the repertoire of English usage.

Language sub-strands Language variation and change (Social context) Language for interaction (Tenor) Text structure and organisation (Mode) Expressing and developing ideas (Field) Sound and letter knowledge (Phonics and spelling)

Situated to decontextualised/ Mode Culture Situation Topic/ Field Relationships/ Tenor Social model of language whole text level sentence level letter & sound level Expressing ideas Language for interaction Text structure and organisation Language variation and change Sound & letter knowledge

Literature sub-strands Literature and context Responding to literature Examining literature Creating literature

Literacy sub-strands Texts in context Interacting with others Interpreting, analysing and evaluating Creating texts

Integrated and balanced curriculum Language and literacy taught through literature: Texts provide the medium for communication (p4). Content descriptions incorporate all modes in an ‘integrated and interdependent way’.

LITERATURE LITERACY Phonemic awareness Grapho- phonics LANGUAGE Handwriting / spelling / punctuation / grammatical accuracy Language for comprehending, creating, discussing and responding to literary/creative works. plays drama Enjoying, appreciating, interpreting and creating literary works in a variety of modes and media: picture books poetry graphic novels chapter books films multimodal texts biographiesspeeches rhymes novels short stories Personal responses Reviews Character analyses Thematic interpretations Responding to a range of creative works: How language works in its various modes and settings for different purposes and audiences, from the level of the text through to the word. Comprehending, composing, using and critically engaging with texts: - for a variety of purposes (eg describing, explaining, arguing, recounting) - interacting with a range of audiences (from familiar through more formal) - in different modes and media (oral, written, digital and multimedia) - from a variety of sources (eg popular media, textbooks, workplaces, community) - to build knowledge across all areas of the curriculum - using appropriate strategies and processes Bev Derewianka: Literacy in Science. Presentation at Literacy Leaders’ Network, June 20th 2010.

What is the relationship between the three strands?

Literacy Secretariat Literacy is everyone’s business From literature to furniture: a different sort of cultural artefact

So what? What can we tell about a person who has a coffee table like this? What are the important parts of the coffee table? Social purpose and historical context of coffee tables Language variation and change (Social context) Language for interaction (Tenor) Text structure and organisation (Mode) Expressing and developing ideas (Field) How are the legs, joints, drawers, constructed? Sound and letter knowledge How and why are dove-tail joints used?

From literature to furniture: a different sort of cultural artefact

From literature to furniture: a different sort of cultural artefact

Being literate is being able to make choices: Which tool? Why? Under what circumstances? What is the intended effect?

Literacy as a general capability

Organising elements of literacy

The Literacy capability - two overarching processes: Comprehending texts through listening, reading and viewing Composing texts through speaking, writing and creating And for both processes: o Text knowledge o Grammar knowledge o Word knowledge o Visual knowledge

Literacy is everyone’s business… all teachers are responsible for teaching the subject- specific literacy of their learning area all teachers need a clear understanding of the literacy demands and opportunities of their learning area literacy appropriate to each learning area can be embedded in the teaching of the content and processes of that learning area. Literacy General Capability: ACARA Jan ‘12

Theoretical Background  Based on a social view of language: considers how language works to construct meaning in different social and cultural contexts  Vygotsky (1976)  Brice Heath (1983)  Halliday and Hasan (1985)  Freebody and Luke (1990)  Gee (1991, 2008)  Christie and Derewianka (2008)

Literacy capability and English Relationship with the English curriculum The general capability of Literacy is drawn from the content descriptions in the Language and Literacy strands of the English curriculum. The literacy knowledge and skills are developed and applied through all three strands: Language, Literature and Literacy. English/General capabilities /Literacy

Organising elements of literacy

T ext knowledge: in history By the end of Year 2 students By the end of Year 4 students By the end of Year 6 students By the end of Year 8 students By the end of Year 10 students Including: - historical reports of an event - factual narratives built around historical events - factual descriptions of historical people and places - expositions that give an opinion about a historical topic Including: - historical retellings of an event - historical narratives told from a particular perspective - descriptions of a historical figure or place - expositions to argue for a particular point of view in relation to a historical event Including: - factual historical recounts of a series of events with some evaluative or summative commentary – - historical narratives that retell past events from a particular personal or cultural perspective - detailed descriptions of particular places from the past demonstrating use of source material - discussion texts with supporting evidence to present both sides of a contentious issue Including: - factual historical recounts of a series of events with some evaluative or summative commentary - historical narratives that retell past events from a particular personal or cultural perspective - detailed descriptions of particular places from the past demonstrating use of source material - persuasive texts to argue for a particular course of action - discussion texts with supporting evidence to contentious issue present both sides of a contentious issue Including: - factual historical recounts of a series of events within chronological framework with some evaluative or summative commentary - explanations that consider past events from a particular personal or cultural perspective detailed - descriptions of particular places from the past demonstrating use of primary and secondary source material, using appropriate referencing - discussion texts with supporting evidence to present both sides of a contentious issue

Grammar knowledge

Looking at a text using the literacy capability Should sweets be eaten between meals? Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health, spoil your appetite and make you tired. First, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Finally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Text knowledge structure and purpose (what each stage or paragraph is for) text cohesion (what makes a text stick together) o text level organisation Opening paragraph foregrounding subsequent paragraphs Topic sentences foregrounding the main ideas conjunctions that link the text o text connectives: linking sentences and sections of text o reference: through pronouns: he, she, they, it, their, this, the o repetition, synonyms, antonyms, word patterns (group/subgroup, part/whole), word chains (tracing the main participants in a text),ellipsis (leaving words out) Literacy Secretariat Literacy is everyone’s business

Text knowledge Text Structure Should sweets be eaten between meals? Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health, spoil your appetite and make you tired. First, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Finally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Text knowledge Text Structure Should sweets be eaten between meals? Position statement Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health, spoil your appetite and make you tired. First, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Finally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Text knowledge Text Structure Should sweets be eaten between meals? Position statement Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health, spoil your appetite and make you tired. First argumentFirst, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Finally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Text knowledge Text Structure Should sweets be eaten between meals? Position statement Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health, spoil your appetite and make you tired. First argumentFirst, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second argument Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Finally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Text knowledge Text Structure Should sweets be eaten between meals? Position statement Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health, spoil your appetite and make you tired. First argumentFirst, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second argument Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Third argumentFinally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Text knowledge Text Structure Should sweets be eaten between meals? Position statement Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health, spoil your appetite and make you tired. First argumentFirst, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second argument Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Third argumentFinally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. Summary statement There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Text knowledge: Text cohesion Creating cohesion within a text text level organisation: paragraph and sentence openers, foregrounding the main ideas text connectives: linking sentences and sections of text reference: through pronouns: he, she, they, it, their, this, the repetition, synonyms, antonyms, word patterns, word chains (tracing the main participants in a text), ellipsis (leaving words out) 38

Text knowledge Text cohesion Should sweets be eaten between meals? Text level organisation: Opening paragraph foregrounding subsequent paragraphs Topic sentences Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health, spoil your appetite and make you tired. First, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Finally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Text knowledge Text cohesion Should sweets be eaten between meals? Text level organisation: Opening paragraph foregrounding subsequent paragraphs Topic sentences Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health, spoil your appetite and make you tired. First, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Finally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit

Text cohesion Text knowledge Should sweets be eaten between meals? Text connectives: Sequencing the argument Connecting ideas Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health, spoil your appetite and make you tired. First, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Finally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Text cohesion Text knowledge Should sweets be eaten between meals? Text connectives: Sequencing the argument Connecting ideas Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health, spoil your appetite and make you tired. First, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Finally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Text knowledge Text cohesion Should sweets be eaten between meals? Reference: Through pronouns Word repetitions and associations Repetition, synonyms Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health, spoil your appetite and make you tired. First, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Finally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Text knowledge Text cohesion Should sweets be eaten between meals? Reference: Through pronouns Word repetitions and associations Repetition, synonyms Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health, spoil your appetite and make you tired. First, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Finally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Grammar knowledge : Simple, compound, complex sentences Simple sentence: single, independent clause (one verb) Compound sentence: 2 independent clauses linked by a conjunction - and, so, but, or etc Complex sentence: Independent and dependent clause bound by a conjunction (which is ‘bound to the dependent clause) - after, by, because, unless, although etc

Grammar knowledge: Simple, compound, complex sentences Should sweets be eaten between meals? Verbs Coordinating (linking) conjunctions: and, so, but Subordinating (binding) conjunctions: because, when, if Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health,( ) spoil your appetite and ( ) make you tired. First, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Finally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, ( ) they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Grammar knowledge: Simple, compound, complex sentences Should sweets be eaten between meals? Verbs Coordinating (linking) conjunctions: and, so, but Subordinating (binding) conjunctions: because, when, if Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health,( ) spoil your appetite and ( ) make you tired. First, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Finally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, ( ) they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Grammar knowledge: Simple, compound, complex sentences Should sweets be eaten between meals? Verbs Coordinating (linking) conjunctions: and, so, but Subordinating (binding) conjunctions: because, when, if Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health,( ) spoil your appetite and ( ) make you tired. First, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Finally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, ( ) they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Grammar knowledge: words and word groups noun groups adverbs, adverbials telling about time, place, manner, cause etc Verbs & verb types: nominalisation: forming nouns, usually from adjectives or verbs(eg react to reaction, produce to production)

Grammar knowledge: Verb groups, and noun groups Should sweets be eaten between meals? Noun groups Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health,( ) spoil your appetite and ( ) make you tired. First, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Finally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, ( ) they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Grammar: Expressing opinion & point of view modality : must, will, may, definitely, probably, possibly evaluative language (positive and negative): expressing feelings (I was shattered), evaluating worth (the wonderful restaurant), making judgements (his compassionate nature, the feeble excuse)

Expressing opinion & point of view Should sweets be eaten between meals? Modality Eg must, will, may, definitely, probably, possibly Evaluative language Eg positive and negative, expressing feelings, evaluating worth, making judgements, the feeble excuse Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health, spoil your appetite and make you tired. First, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Finally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Expressing opinion & point of view Should sweets be eaten between meals? Modality Eg must, will, may, definitely, probably, possibly Evaluative language Eg positive and negative, expressing feelings, evaluating worth, making judgements, the feeble excuse Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health, spoil your appetite and make you tired. First, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Finally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Expressing opinion & point of view Should sweets be eaten between meals? Modality Eg must, will, may, definitely, probably, possibly Evaluative language Eg positive and negative, expressing feelings, evaluating worth, making judgements, Sweets should not be eaten between meals because they affect your health, spoil your appetite and make you tired. First, sweets are unhealthy. They are largely made of sugar which rots your teeth, gives you pimples and makes you fat. Are sweets really worth all that trouble? Second, lollies [which are] eaten between meals spoil your appetite. When you come to eat your dinner you are no longer hungry, so good food gets wasted. Finally, lollies give you a quick burst of energy but this energy is rapidly used up. Then you are left feeling tired. There are a number of reasons for not eating sweets between meals. They are unhealthy and do your body no good, they spoil your appetite for nourishing meals, and they do not give you lasting energy. If children are hungry between meals they would be better off with fruit.

Word knowledge spoken everyday informal language written technical formal language

Visual knowledge What is appropriate for your text type? What do students need to know to produce the right image or diagram? What is the relationship between the image and the written text? Extension?

Leading to Module 2 Understanding more about the four aspects of knowledge in the learning areas.