Introduction to Classification

Why do we classify things? To organize To organize To see relationships between organisms To see relationships between organisms

How do we classify things? By grouping things according to similar traits or characteristics By grouping things according to similar traits or characteristics

How do we classify organisms? Taxonomy – science of classification Taxonomy – science of classification We classify organisms into 5 Kingdoms We classify organisms into 5 Kingdoms –Monera, Protists, Fungi, Animal, Plant

What are the levels of classification? Kingdom -Largest group – fewest traits in common Kingdom -Largest group – fewest traits in common Phylum Phylum Class Class Order Order Family Family Genus Genus Species - Smallest group – all traits in common Species - Smallest group – all traits in common

How can we remember this? Kingsize Potato Chips Often Form Grease Stains Kingsize Potato Chips Often Form Grease Stains King Philip Came Over From Germany Swimming King Philip Came Over From Germany Swimming

What is a scientific name? Name used to identify an organism Name used to identify an organism Binomial – 2 names Binomial – 2 names Example: Example: Common Name GenusSpecies HumanHomoSapien DogCanisFamiliaris

What is Binomial Nomenclature? Two Name – Naming System Two Name – Naming System Genus and Species Names Genus and Species Names First letter of each name: First letter of each name: Genus – Capitalize Genus – Capitalize Species – lower case Species – lower case

What are the Five Kingdoms? Monera Monera Protists Protists Fungi Fungi Animal Animal Plant Plant

Summary Why do scientists classify things? Why do scientists classify things? How are organisms classified? How are organisms classified? What is a scientific name? What is a scientific name? What is binomial nomenclature? What is binomial nomenclature? What are the 7 levels of classification? What are the 7 levels of classification? What are the 5 Kingdoms? What are the 5 Kingdoms? What is the science of classification? What is the science of classification?

Kingdom Monera

What is a Monera? A single-celled organism which lacks a Nucleus! A single-celled organism which lacks a Nucleus!

What are some Monerans? Some Examples of monerans are: Some Examples of monerans are: –Bacteria –Blue-green bacteria

How are Monera Named? Monera are named based on their shape. There are three shapes Monera are named based on their shape. There are three shapes –Round – “cocci” –Rod shaped – “bacilli” –Spiral – “spirilli”

How are Monerans helpful? Monerans are helpful in many ways: Monerans are helpful in many ways: –Decomposers in the environment. –Feed on dead organisms and wastes. –Produce foods like yogurt. –Help in digestion.

How are Monerans Harmful? Some monerans can be harmful by: Some monerans can be harmful by: –Causing disease. –Make foods spoil.

Protist Kingdom

What is a Protist? A protist is a Single-celled organism which has a nucleus! A protist is a Single-celled organism which has a nucleus! There are 2 groups: There are 2 groups: –Algae and –Protozoa.

What are Algae? Algae are Plant-like protists Algae are Plant-like protists They can photosynthesize. They can photosynthesize. Some examples of Algae are: Some examples of Algae are: –Diatoms and –Spyrogyra.

What are Protozoa? Animal-like protists. Animal-like protists. Protozoa can move and must injest food to survive. Protozoa can move and must injest food to survive. Some examples of Protozoa are: Some examples of Protozoa are: –Amoeba –Paramecium and –Euglena.

How do Protists move? Protists move using a few different techniques: Protists move using a few different techniques: –Pseudopods – False feet. –Flagella – Long hair, whiplike. –Cilia – Small hairs –Some have No movement and use air and water to get around.

Amoeba

Euglena

Paramecium

Protists can perform all life processes.

How do Protists Reproduce? Protists reproduce through Mitosis (fission). Protists reproduce through Mitosis (fission).

How do Protists get energy? Protists get their energy by doing respiration in their Mitochondria. Protists get their energy by doing respiration in their Mitochondria.

How do Protists get nutrients? Protists get food and water through transport (passive/active) across the cell membrane. Protists get food and water through transport (passive/active) across the cell membrane.

How do Protists excrete wastes? Wastes are released through the cell membrane. Wastes are released through the cell membrane.

Fungi Kingdom

What are Fungi? Single-celled (Yeast) or Single-celled (Yeast) or Multi-celled (mushrooms, mold) organisms. Multi-celled (mushrooms, mold) organisms. Have Nucleus and cell walls. Have Nucleus and cell walls. NO Chloroplasts! NO Chloroplasts!

What are some examples of Fungi? Yeast Yeast Mold Mold Mushrooms Mushrooms

How do Fungi Eat? Fungi release digestive enzymes into their food source through hyphae (hair-like “root” structures) and digested material is then absorbed. Fungi release digestive enzymes into their food source through hyphae (hair-like “root” structures) and digested material is then absorbed.

How do Fungi Reproduce? Yeast – do budding (Mitosis) Yeast – do budding (Mitosis) Mushroom and Mold – Produce spores Mushroom and Mold – Produce spores

Plant Kingdom

What are Plants? Multi-cellular organisms. Multi-cellular organisms. Can Photosynthesize (make their own food). Can Photosynthesize (make their own food). Have cell walls. Have cell walls. Can Not move. Can Not move.

Plants Contain many specialized tissues/organs. What are the Parts? What are the Parts? –Roots – Anchor the plant, absorb water, store food. –Leaves – Produce food through Photosynthesis. –Stems – support plant. –Bark – protects stem cells. –Vascular tissue – transports food and water.

How do Plants Reproduce? Asexually - through vegetative propagation (root and Leaf cuttings). Asexually - through vegetative propagation (root and Leaf cuttings). Sexually – with cones and flowers. Sexually – with cones and flowers.

Animal Kingdom

What is an animal? Multi-cellular organism. Multi-cellular organism. Can move. Can move. Can Not make own food. Can Not make own food.

How are animals Classified? Animals are classified into two main groups. Animals are classified into two main groups. –Invertebrates and –Vertebrates.

Two Main groups of Animals. Invertebrates – Lacks an internal skeleton (No Backbone). Invertebrates – Lacks an internal skeleton (No Backbone). Vertebrates – Have an internal skeleton (Have Backbone). Vertebrates – Have an internal skeleton (Have Backbone). –Vertebrates can be either warm or cold- blooded.

Vertebrate Catagories Cold-blooded – Use environment to get body heat. Cold-blooded – Use environment to get body heat. –Ex: Snails, bees, jellyfish, worms. Warm-blooded – Can produce own body heat and maintain constant body temperature. Warm-blooded – Can produce own body heat and maintain constant body temperature. –Ex: Birds, Mammals (Humans).

Non-cellular Kingdom

What is a Virus? A Virus is a non-living particle which contains material for reproduction (DNA). A Virus is a non-living particle which contains material for reproduction (DNA).

Is it Alive? NO, because they do not perform all of the life functions. NO, because they do not perform all of the life functions.

What do Viruses do? Viruses reproduce themselves with the help of a host cell. Viruses reproduce themselves with the help of a host cell. The virus duplicates inside the host cell. The virus duplicates inside the host cell. The host cell then bursts and dies. The host cell then bursts and dies.

How do Viruses cause disease? Disease comes from the infected and dead cells. Disease comes from the infected and dead cells. Viruses are considered Parasites because they damage host cells. Viruses are considered Parasites because they damage host cells.

Virus Reproducing

How do Viruses look?