Steven Martinez Matthew Notta Bradlee Burnham -Tidal and Wave Energy- Steven Martinez Matthew Notta Bradlee Burnham

-History of Tidal Energy- 787: simple technique of a waterwheel by the Spanish, French, and British 1966: “La Rance” tidal power plant went in operation. 2001: British Parliament states “the world can no longer neglect the massive potential of wave and tidal energy” 2002-present: Large investments in research and prototypes spark proposals in Turkey, China, and United States; among others

-History of Wave Energy- 1799: First patent of a device designed to use ocean waves to generate power 1910: First oscillating water column was built by Bochaux-Praceique to power his house 1940s: Yoshio Masuda experimented with many concepts of wave power 2004: Wave power was delivered to an electrical grid for the first time

-Tidal Stream Generators- Very close in concept to traditional windmills Most popular prototype on the market Prototype sites include Norway, England, and New York. In 2007 8 prototype turbines where placed in the East River between Queens and Roosevelt Island. It is the first major tidal power project in the USA Powers 1/3 of a parking garage and a supermarket

-SeaGen- World’s first large scale commercial tidal stream generator. First one was installed in the Strangford Narrows (Ireland) Generates 1.2MW between 18-20 hours a day Blades span 16 meters in diameter http://www.energysavers. gov/renewable_energy/ocean/index.cfm/mytopic=50009

-Barrage Tidal Power: Rance Power Station- Located on Rance River, France 750 meters long 24 Turbines Capacity of 240MW Annual output of 600GWh Supplies 0.012% of Frances power supply. Opened 1966 http://www.energysavers. gov/renewable_energy/ocean/index.cfm/mytopic=50009

-Calculations: Tidal Stream Generators- P = the power generated (in watts) ξ = the turbine efficiency ρ = the density of the water (seawater is 1025 kg/m³) A = the sweep area of the turbine (in m²) V = the velocity of the flow *Power equation is based on the kinetic energy of the moving water*

-Calculation: Barrage Tidal Power- E = energy ρ = the density of the water (seawater is 1025 kg/m³) A = horizontal area of the barrage basin G = Gravity (9.81m/s2) H = Vertical Tide Range * The potential energy available from a barrage is dependent on * the volume of water.

-Environmental Impact- Mortality rates of fish swimming threw the turbine is around 15% Sonic guidance to get fish to avoid the turbine Placement of barrage turbines into estuaries can change entire ecosystems Alters flow of saltwater possibly changing hydrology & salinity Sediment movement also can effect the ecosystem

-Comparison to Wind Energy- Tidal Stream generators draw energy in the same basic way wind turbines do Higher density of water allows a single generator to provide significantly more power Water speeds of nearly 1/10 the speed of wind can provide the same energy output Current in water is much more reliable then wind in the air.

-Economics of Tidal Power- The cost of building a Tidal Power plant can have a high capital cost. UK: $15 Billion 8000MW Philippines: $3 Billion 2200MW Operating costs are low and usually come from maintenance

-What You Can Do- In the Amazon helical turbine technology are being used to generate small scale electricity for rural communities. rural residents are dispersed and cannot be reached economically by power lines from central generators. The only decentralized options available to them now are: solar panels and diesel generation. Configuration: The helical turbine rotates on a shaft with a pulley that runs an alternator by means of a belt. The alternator charges batteries

-Amazon Project- (b) Pulley and belt (c) Automotive alternator (a) 6-blade helical turbine www.globalcoral.org/UNCSD%20SUMMARY.ppt

-Amazon Project- Energy production: 120 A-h/day 8 solar panels (75 Wp), installed: US$ 5690 Tide-Energy generating station: US$ 2800 Numbers on: Annual operating costs (120 A-h/day)* 1000 VA diesel generator: US$ 1397 Tide-Energy generating station: US$ 824 * Includes fuel, labor, maintenance, and depreciation For a single Tide-Energy generating station: Annual Receipts (charging 5 batteries/day) 1750 Costs (labor, maintenance, and depreciation) 824 Profit US$ 926

-Wave Power- Salter’s Duck design Could stop 90% of wave motion and could convert 90% of that to electricity Shut down because of an error in calculating the cost, which wasn’t discovered until 2008, and the program had been shut down in 1982

-How it Works- The “duck” device bobs back and forth as waves pass, this motion moves a pendulum that is connected to a generator that produces electricity http://www.permaculture.org.au/images/ocean_power_salters_duck.gif

-Some Companies- Some companies designing mechanisms Wavegen Limpet Ocean Power Delivery Pelamis tube Renewable Energy Holdings CETO Oyster Wave Energy devices

-Advantages and Disadvantages- The energy is free – no fuel needed, no waste produced Not expensive to operate and maintain Can produce a great deal of energy Disadvantages Depends on the waves – sometimes you’ll get loads of energy, sometimes almost nothing Needs a suitable site, where waves are consistently strong Some designs are noisy. But then again, so are waves, so any noise is unlikely to be a problem Must be able to withstand

-Environmental Impact- Noise pollution Displace productive fishing sites Change the pattern of beach sand nourishment Alter food chains and disrupt migration patterns Offshore devices will displace bottom-dwelling organisms where they connect into the

-Sources- (2006). Tidal Energy Industry Boom. Retrieved http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/tidal-energy-industry-boom/ (2008). Renewable Energy: Ocean Wave Power. Retrieved http://www.energysavers. gov/renewable_energy/ocean/index.cfm/mytopic=50009 (2009) Ocean Wave Energy. Retrieved http://ocsenergy.anl.gov/guide/wave/index.cfm (2010). America’s Premiere Wave Power Farm Sets Sail. Retrieved http://www. alternative-energy-news.info/wave-power-farm-sets-sail/ (2010). History of Tidal Energy. Retrieved. http://www.google.com/#q=history+of+tidal +energy&hl=en&tbs=tl :1&tbo=u&ei=nPavS6aeAYH48Ab-q6y9Dw&sa=X&oi =timeline_result&ct=title&resnum=11&ved=0CDgQ5wIwCg&fp=1&cad=b Kirke, B. (2006) Developments in ducted water current turbines. Retrieved http://www.cyberiad.net/library/pdf/bk_tidal_paper25apr06.pdf Lamb, H. (1994) Hydrodynamics. England. Cambridge University Press. Meyer, R. (2009). Tidal energy . Retrieved from http://www.oceanenergycouncil.com/ index.php/Tidal-Energy/Tidal-Energy.html Tayor, P. (2007). Seagen Tidal Power Installation. Retrieved http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/seagen-tidal-power-installation/