MARINE PROCESSES Chapters 13 & 15 Test 1 Material End

OCEANOGRAPHY STUDY OF ALL ASPECTS OF THE WORLD OCEAN OCEAN MAKES UP 71% OF TOTAL EARTH SURFACE AVERAGE DEPTH OF OCEAN IS ABOUT 12,500 FEET

Oceans

SALINITY PROPORTION OF DISSOLVED SALTS TO PURE WATER EXPRESSED IN PARTS PER THOUSAND THE AVERAGE OCEAN SALINITY IS 35 PARTS PER THOUSAND

SEA SALTS SODIUM CHLORIDE MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE SODIUM SULFATE CALCIUM CHLORIDE POTASSIUM CHLORIDE SODIUM BICARBONATE HYDROGEN BORATE, STRONTIUM CHLORIDE, & SODIUM FLUORIDE

SOURCES FOR SEA SALTS CHEMICAL WEATHERING OF ROCKS EARTH’S INTERIOR BY OUTGASSING DESALINATION - REMOVING SALTS TO GET FRESH WATER

3 LAYERS OF OCEAN BASED ON TEMPERATURE-SALINITY SURFACE MIXED ZONE - WARMEST TEMPS TRANSITION ZONE DEEP ZONE - WHERE TEMPS ARE NOT MUCH ABOVE FREEZING

MAPPING THE OCEAN FLOOR ECHO SOUNDER - SONAR VELOCITY OF SOUND WAVES IN WATER IS ABOUT 1500 METERS PER SECOND. DIVIDE TOTAL TIME BY 2 TO CALCULATE DEPTH 10 seconds X 1500 meters = 15,000/2 = 7,500 meters deep

3 MAJOR UNITS OF OCEAN TOPOGRAPHY CONTINENTAL MARGINS DEEP-OCEAN BASINS MID-OCEAN RIDGES

CONTINENTAL MARGIN TYPES PASSIVE - NOT ASSOCIATED WITH PLATE BOUNDARIES - CONTINENTAL SHELF, CONTINENTAL SLOPE, CONTINENTAL RISE, DEEP SEA FAN ACTIVE - SUBDUCTION ZONES, VERY LITTLE CONTINENTAL SHELF

PASSIVE MARGIN

ACTIVE MARGIN

OCEAN BASIN FLOOR DEEP-OCEAN TRENCHES ABYSSAL PLAINS SEAMOUNTS

MID-OCEAN RIDGES MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE SYSTEM RIFT VALLEYS

ESTUARIES PARTIALLY ENCLOSED COASTAL WATER BODY THAT IS CONNECTED TO THE OCEAN GREAT BIODIVERSITY

THE LITTORAL ZONE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT FROM HIGHEST WATER LINE ONSHORE TO THE SEA WHERE STORM WAVES CAN NO LONGER MOVE SEDIMENT DUE TO OCEAN DEPTH (200 FEET)

The littoral zone

MEAN SEA LEVEL AVERAGE TIDAL LEVELS RECORDED HOURLY AT A GIVEN SITE OVER MANY YEARS EUSTATIC CHANGES (CHANGE IN AMOUNT OF TOTAL WATER) TECTONIC CHANGES (CHANGE DUE TO RISE OR FALL OF LAND)

SEA MOTIONS WAVES CURRENTS TIDES

WAVES ROUGHEN THE WATER SURFACE

CURRENTS COLD AND WARM WATER STREAMS THAT FLOW FASTER THAN THE SURFACE WATER

TIDES DAILY RISE AND FALL OF THE SEA SURFACE

HOW ARE TIDES PRODUCED? GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION OF THE SUN AND MOON CENTRIFUGAL FORCE OF THE EARTH/MOON SYSTEM AS IT REVOLVES AROUND THE SUN

TYPES OF TIDES EBB TIDE FLOOD TIDE TIDAL RANGE SPRING TIDE - GREATEST TIDAL RANGE NEAP TIDE - LEAST TIDAL RANGE TIDAL BORE ON BAY OF FUNDY 70 FEET TIDAL RANGE

WAVE ANATOMY CREST TROUGH HEIGHT LENGTH PERIOD

FORCED WAVES CREATED BY WIND SIZE OF THE WAVE HEIGHT IS RELATED TO THE SPEED OF THE WIND

SEISMIC WAVES TSUNAMI CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKES, LANDSLIDES, VOLCANOES OPEN SEA HAVE HEIGHT OF 3 FEET BUT LENGTH OF 60 MILES SPEEDS UP TO 500 MPH

TSUNAMI

WAVE REFRACTION MOST WAVES APPROACH SHORELINE AT AN ANGLE. AS THEY NEAR SHALLOW WATER THEY BEND AND BECOME PARALLEL TO THE SHORE

HEADLAND HEAD OF LAND EXTENDING OUTWARD FROM SHORE FIRST LANDFORM FEATURE TO ERRODE

LONGSHORE CURRENT PRODUCED BY WAVE REFRACTION RUNS PARALLEL TO SHORELINE

WAVE BREAK INCOMING WAVES DECREASE IN LENGTH AND INCREASE IN HEIGHT AS HEIGHT INCREASES THE SPEED DECREASES WAVES REACH A BREAKING POINT AND COLLAPSE DUE TO LACK OF SUPPORT FROM WATER BELOW

TYPES OF BREAKERS COLLAPSING (MASS OF FOAM) SPILLING (GRADUAL DOWNWARD SLIDE) PLUNGING (CREST SHOOTS FORWARD) - SURFER’S WAVE DUDE!

COASTAL EROSION SEA CLIFFS FORMED BY UNDERCUTTING OF SEA WAVE-CUT PLATFORM IS A HORIZONTAL BENCH EXTENDING FROM CLIFF OUT TO SEA SEA CAVE SEA ARCH & SEA STACK

Coastal erosion

SEA CLIFF

SEA CAVE

SEA STACK

DEPOSITIONAL FEATURES MOST MATERIAL ALONG BEACHES COMES FROM RIVERS AND STREAMS FLOWING INTO SEA. THE LONGSHORE CURRENT TAKES THIS MATERIAL AND DEPOSITS IT ALONG THE SHORELINE

DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS SPIT BAYMOUTH BAR TOMBOLO BARRIER ISLAND

BARRIER ISLANDS SPITS SEVERED FROM MAINLAND SAND PILED UP DURING STORM SAND DUNE REMAINS WHEN SEA LEVEL WAS LOWER

MAN’S ATTEMPT TO CONTROL EROSION JETTY GROIN BREAKWATER SEAWALL BEACH NOURISHMENT - VIRGINIA BEACH 30,000 TRUCK LOADS OF SAND

JETTIES

JETTY

GROIN

HARBOR - BREAKWATER

SEAWALL

BEACH FILL - NOURISHMENT

CORAL REEF COASTS CORAL ARE SIMPLE MARINE ANIMALS WITH A SMALL SAC-LIKE BODY SECRETE CALCIUM CARBONATE NEED LIGHT SO YOU NEVER FIND THEM BELOW A DEPTH OF FEET BELOW SEA LEVEL

CORAL NEED WATER TEMPERATURES ABOVE 65 DEGREES F NEED CLEAR WATER LIVE SYMBIOTICALLY WITH SIMPLE ALGAE

LONELY PLANET PHOTO

TYPES OF CORAL REEFS FRINGING REEF BARRIER REEF ATOLL

ATOLLS

TEST REVIEW HOW WILL YOU DO ON THE EXAM?

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION DEALT WITH: GRAVITY KINETIC ENERGY INERTIA NONE OF THESE CORRECT RESPONSE ? INERTIA

SEA SALT SOURCES INCLUDE ALL BUT? CHEMICAL WEATHERING OF ROCKS EARTH’S INTERIOR OUTGASSING TRANSPIRATION OF OCEAN PLANTS ALL OF THESE CORRECT RESPONSE TRANSPIRATION OF OCEAN PLANTS

RIDGE OF SAND THAT CONNECTS ISLAND/ LAND SPIT BAYMOUTH BAR TOMBOLO BARRIER ISLAND CORRECT RESPONSE? TOMBOLO

EUSTATIC CHANGE IN SEA LEVEL IS DUE TO? RISING LAND FALLING LAND CHANGE IN TOTAL AMOUNT WATER NONE OF THESE CORRECT RESPONSE CHANGE IN TOTAL AMOUNT OF WATER

MODERN SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE UNIVERSE IS ? COSMOGRAPHY ASTROLOGY ASTRONOMY METEOROLOGY CORRECT RESPONSE? ASTRONOMY

FIRST PERSON TO MEASURE SIZE OF THE EARTH WAS? ARISTARCHUS ERASTOTHENES HIPPARCHUS PTOLEMY CORRECT RESPONSE? ERASTOTHENES

WHICH IS NOT TRUE OF JOVIAN PLANETS? THEY ARE THE GIANT PLANETS HAVE THICK ATMOSPHERES LARGE AMOUNTS OF DENSE ROCKY METALLIC MINERALS MORE MOONS THAN TERRESTRIALS’ CORRECT RESPONSE? DENSE ROCKY METALLIC MINERALS

NOT A MAJOR UNIT OF OCEAN TOPOGRAPHY? CONTINENTAL MARGINS TRANSITION ZONE DEEP-OCEAN BASINS MID-OCEAN RIDGES CORRECT RESPONSE? TRANSITION ZONE

WAVES BECOME PARALLEL TO THE SHORE DUE TO? WAVE CREST WAVE TROUGH WAVE PERIOD WAVE REFRACTION CORRECT RESPONSE? WAVE REFRACTION