The Muscular System Chapter 4

Overview of Structures, Combining Forms, and Functions of the Muscular System

Muscles Primary Function Make body movement possible Hold body erect Move body fluids Produce body heat

Muscles Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) my/o, myos/o

Fascia Primary Function Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) Cover, support, and separate muscles Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) fasci/o

Tendons Primary Function Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) Attach muscles to bones Related Word Parts (Combining Forms) ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal muscles: Attached to bones of the skeleton Make body motions possible Voluntary muscles Striated muscles (continues)

Types of Muscle Tissue © Cengage Learning (continues)

Types of Muscle Tissue Smooth muscles: Located in walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands Move and control the flow of fluids through these structures Involuntary, unstriated, and visceral muscles (continues)

Types of Muscle Tissue © Cengage Learning (continues)

Types of Muscle Tissue Myocardial Muscle Form the muscular walls of the heart Myocardium or cardiac muscle (continues)

Types of Muscle Tissue © Cengage Learning

Muscle Contraction and Relaxation Muscle innervation: stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve Neuromuscular: pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle (continues)

Muscle Contraction and Relaxation Antagonistic Muscle Pairs Contraction Relaxation

Contrasting Muscle Motion Abduction: movement of a limb away from the midline of the body Adduction: movement of a limb toward the midline of the body (continues)

Contrasting Muscle Motion © Cengage Learning (continues)

Contrasting Muscle Motion Flexion: decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint Extension: increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb Hyperextension: the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit (continues)

Contrasting Muscle Motion © Cengage Learning

Rotation and Circumduction Rotation: a circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint Circumduction: the circular movement at the far end of a limb (continues)

Rotation and Circumduction © Cengage Learning

Supination and Pronation Supination: the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward Pronation: the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward (continues)

Supination and Pronation © Cengage Learning

Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion Dorsiflexion: the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle Plantar flexion: the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle (continues)

Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion © Cengage Learning

Key Word Parts and Definitions bi- twice, double, two -cele hernia, tumor, swelling dys- bad, difficult, or painful fasci/o fascia, fibrous band (continues)

Key Word Parts and Definitions fibr/o fibrous tissue, fiber -ia abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium -ic pertaining to kines/o, kinesi/o movement (continues)

Key Word Parts and Definitions my/o muscle -plegia paralysis, stroke -rrhexis rupture tax/o coordination, order (continues)

Key Word Parts and Definitions ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o tendon, stretch out, extend, strain ton/o tone, stretching, tension, tri- three

Questions

Question The largest muscle in the human body is found in the buttocks. True or False?

Answer True. The gluteus maximus in the buttocks is the largest muscle in the body.

Question How many muscles are required to raise your eyebrows? 15 8 30

Answer c. 30

Question Pronation is the act of rotating the arm so that the palm of the hand is turned upward. True or False?

Answer False. Supination is the act of rotating the arm so that the palm of the hand is turned upward.

Question Singultus is the medical term for: A facial tick Hiccups Cramps

Answer b. Hiccups

Answers to Learning Exercises

Chapter 4 Answers Matching Word Parts 1 4.1. -ia 4.2. fasci/o 4.3. fibr/o 4.4. -cele 4.5. kines/o, kinesi/o 4.6. tax/o 4.7. my/o 4.8. -rrhexis 4.9. tend/o 4.10. ton/o Matching Muscle Directions and Positions 4.11. transverse 4.12. sphincter 4.13. oblique 4.14. rectus 4.15. lateralis

Chapter 4 Answers Definitions 4.16. skeletal 4.17. heel spur 4.18. supination 4.19. bradykinesia 4.20. physiatrist 4.21. myofascial 4.22. tendon 4.23. adhesion Definitions 4.24. paraplegia 4.25. tenodesis 4.26. myocardial 4.27. gluteus maximus 4.28. tendon 4.29. deltoid 4.30. sphincter

Chapter 4 Answers Which Word? 4.31. strain 4.32. neuromuscular blocker 4.33. dystonia 4.34. impingement syndrome 4.35. deltoid Spelling Counts 4.36. antispasmodic 4.37. singultus 4.38. gravis 4.39. ganglion 4.40. pronation

Chapter 4 Answers Abbreviation Identification 4.41. carpal tunnel syndrome 4.42. deep tendon reflexes 4.43. range of motion 4.44. repetitive stress disorder 4.45. spinal cord injury Term Selection 4.46. myorrhexis 4.47. myolysis 4.48. hyperkinesia 4.49. hamstring 4.50. myofascial release

Chapter 4 Answers Sentence Completion 4.51. epicondylitis 4.52. flexion 4.53. intermittent claudication 4.54. myoparesis 4.55. spasmodic torticollis Word Surgery 4.56. electr/o, my/o, -graphy 4.57. hyper-, kines, -ia 4.58. my/o, clon, -us 4.59. poly-, myos, -itis 4.60. sarc/o, -penia

Chapter 4 Answers True/False 4.61. True 4.62. False 4.63. True Clinical Conditions 4.66. ganglion cyst 4.67. myocele 4.68. atrophy 4.69. hypotonia 4.70. chronic fatigue 4.71. Achilles tendinitis 4.72. myalgia 4.73. shin splint 4.74. quadriplegia 4.75. hemiparesis

Chapter 4 Answers Which Is the Correct Medical Term? 4.76. dystrophy 4.77. carpal tunnel release 4.78. adduction 4.79. myotomy 4.80. dorsiflexion Challenge Word Building 4.81. myopathy 4.82. polymyalgia 4.83. myonecrosis 4.84. fasciorrhaphy 4.85. polymyectomy 4.86. fasciodesis 4.87. myocarditis 4.88. fasciectomy 4.89. herniorrhaphy 4.90. sphincterotomy

Chapter 4 Answers Labeling Exercises 4.91. flexion 4.92. extension 4.93. abduction 4.94. adduction 4.95. pronation 4.96. supination 4.97. dorsiflexion 4.98. plantar flexion 4.99. circumduction 4.100. rotation