Interdependence & Interaction In Living Systems

Any group of parts that work together Systems Any group of parts that work together as a unit.

Organization of the Human Body Cells – 1st level of organization; the basic unit of structure and function Tissues – a group of cells that perform that same function Types: Muscle, Connective, Nerve, & Epithelial Organs – a group of tissues that perform a specific function Organ systems – a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

Interactions within the human body 11 Systems of the Human Body Nervous Cardiovascular Digestive Respiratory Muscular Skeletal Endocrine Excretory Immune Integumentary Reproductive

Nervous obtains and processes information from the body’s internal and external environment directs most body functions main components – brain, spinal cord, nerves Dendrite Axon Cell Body

Cardiovascular Circulatory transports needed materials to body cells removes wastes main components – heart, arteries, veins

Digestive breaks down food and absorbs the broken-down materials main components – liver Stomach gall bladder small intestine

Respiratory gets oxygen into the body removes carbon dioxide main components – trachea or windpipe, lungs, diaphragm

Muscular & Skeletal Muscular – enables the body to move Smooth: involuntary (digestive tract) Striated: voluntary (movement) Cardio: involuntary (heart) Skeletal – supports and protects the body Work together to enable movement

Endocrine produces chemicals called hormones that help control many body processes main components – glands and stomach, pancreas (insulin), and kidneys that produce hormones

Excretory removes wastes helps regulate water in the body main components – kidney and large intestine

Immune fights disease main components – liver, lymph nodes, blood, thymus Lymphocytes- white blood cells

Integumentary Skin– protects the body keeps water inside helps sense the external environment

Reproductive creates offspring determines male and female characteristics main components– ovaries, testes

Review What is the largest organ in the human body? Skin What type of muscle is the heart made out of? Cardiac Where does the process of digestion begin? In the mouth (saliva and chewing) What is the dome shaped muscle that helps to move air called? Diaphragm

Interactions & Interdependence Interactions: organ systems work together to do a specific job Interdependence: organ systems depend on each other and cannot work alone

Interactions: Transporting Oxygen Respiratory – delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide Trachea – tube connecting to the lungs Alveoli – round sacs in the lung Moves oxygen from air to blood Moves carbon dioxide from blood to air http://www.shands.org/health/graphics/images/en/9828.jpg Cardiovascular – carries oxygen from lungs to blood stream Muscular – enables air to enter lungs Diaphragm – dome shape muscle

Transporting Oxygen RESPIRATION BREATHING physical chemical

Interactions in digesting food Digestive – breaks down food into simpler substances to be used by body cells Mouth and stomach – begins to break down food Small intestine – completes the breakdown of food and absorbs the nutrients (absorbs through villi) Large intestine – undigested food passes out of the body as waste

Interactions in digesting food Muscular – move jaws to breakdown food Peristalsis- involuntary movement of smooth muscles in the digestive tract Enables you to swallow food Within the stomach – food is churned and squeezed, broken down into smaller particles

Interactions in digesting food Cardiovascular – carries nutrients absorbed through the small intestine to the blood Nutrients are carried throughout the body. http://www.glogster.com/media/2/4/8/51/4085115.jpg small intestine magnified

Movements: Muscles, Bones, Nerves Muscular – produce movement by contracting or shortening (voluntary striated muscles) Skeletal – muscles attached to bones move your body Nervous – involved in movement. Brain and nerves direct muscles to contract. Cardiovascular – circulates oxygen and food to cells Respiratory – brings oxygen into body, removes carbon dioxide Digestive – processes food for delivery to cells

Review Which organ systems interact to transport oxygen? (3) Respiratory, cardiovascular, muscular Which organ systems work together to get nutrients to cells? (3) Digestive, muscular, cardiovascular Which systems allow us to move? (6) Muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive

Equilibrium and Feedback Stability of Living Systems Equilibrium – balance; stable; all parts function smoothly Homeostasis – process by which the body’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the external environment (body balance) Negative Feedback One way in which living systems maintain internal equilibrium or homeostasis

Keeping Body Temperature Constant Stay cool – sweating. When you become warm, you perspire. Heat comes from the body out through your sweat Shivering – muscles in your body contract. This requires energy which generates heat to make the body warm.

Maintaining Glucose Levels in the Blood Energy comes from the breakdown of the sugar glucose. Glucose comes from the food you eat. After glucose is absorbed by the digestive system, blood transports the glucose and delivers it to cells. Chemical reactions – regulates the level of glucose in the blood Hormone – a chemical produced by an endocrine gland that affects the activity of a tissue or organ Insulin – a hormone that helps regulate glucose levels Produced in the pancreas

Maintaining Water Equilibrium in Plants Cells Diffusion – a process where substances move back and forth through the cell membrane Cell membrane – a thin, flexible structure Movement of water in cells Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. (Selectively permeable allows some things through, but not all. An example is a cell membrane.) The concentration of water molecules in and out of the cell helps determine whether water enters or leaves a cell.

Turgor Pressure Turgor pressure – the pressure of water against the cell wall of a plant cell Gives shape and firmness to plant stems and leaves Maintains water balance Negative feedback in turgor pressure Turgor pressure helps keep excess water from entering the plant. An increase in turgor pressure decreases the movement of water molecules into the cell. An increase in water molecules entering the cell eventually causes fewer water molecules to move into the cell.

Water Equilibrium in Animals Thirsty – animal drinks Kidneys remove wastes; adjust amount of water in your blood by changing the concentration of water in the urine they produce

Review What does equilibrium mean? Where is insulin produced? Balance Where is insulin produced? Pancreas What does insulin regulate Glucose levels (blood sugar) What type of pressure gives shape and firmness to plants? turgor

Created by: C. Milton, CMS Science Credits: Text: CSCOPE Images: Microsoft Clipart DK Clipart Other images where cited