Kingdom Animalia

Review the Kingdoms Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Eubacteria Eubacteria Protista Protista Fungi Fungi Plantae Plantae

The Nature of Animals Multicellular Multicellular Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Movement (some) Movement (some) Specialization and organization (some) Specialization and organization (some)

Origin and Classification From the sea From the sea Colonial Protista Colonial Protista Phylogeny based on morphology Phylogeny based on morphology

Animal Bodies Body Symmetry Body Symmetry –No symmetry –Radial –Bilateral

Germ Layers Fundamental tissue types found in the embryo Fundamental tissue types found in the embryo –Ectoderm –Mesoderm –Endoderm

Body Cavities Acoelomate Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomate Coelomate –Fluid-filled space that forms between the digestive tract and the outer wall –Aids in movement, reservoir for transporting nutrients and wastes

Animal Kingdom Phyla Porifera Porifera Cnidaria Cnidaria Ctenophora Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes Nematoda Nematoda Rotifera Rotifera Annelida Annelida Mollusca Mollusca Arthropoda Arthropoda Echinodermata Echinodermata Chordata Chordata

Animal Phylogeny Tree

Porifera Aquatic sponge Aquatic sponge Sessile as adults Sessile as adults 1 cm-2 m diameter 1 cm-2 m diameter No symmetry No symmetry Collar cells Collar cells Spongin Spongin osculum osculum Spicules Spicules –Calcium carbonate –Silica dioxide Filter feeding Filter feeding Regeneration, budding, larva and internal fertilization Regeneration, budding, larva and internal fertilization

Cnidarians Examples: Hydra, jellyfish and coral Examples: Hydra, jellyfish and coral Radial symmetry Radial symmetry Tissues and simple organs Tissues and simple organs Fresh and Ocean Fresh and Ocean Medusa & Polyp forms Medusa & Polyp forms Cnidocyte w/ nematocyst Cnidocyte w/ nematocyst Nerve net Nerve net

Polyp Polyp medusa medusa cnidocyte cnidocyte

Ctenophora Example: Comb jelly or sea walnut Example: Comb jelly or sea walnut Marine Marine Rows of beating cilia Rows of beating cilia Colloblasts for defense Colloblasts for defense Apical organ Apical organ Bioluminescence Bioluminescence

Platyhelminthes Flatworms Flatworms Three germ layers Three germ layers Bilateral symmetry Bilateral symmetry Acoelomate Acoelomate Diffusion Diffusion Hermaphrodites Hermaphrodites Classes Classes –Turbellaria Free living Free living flame cells flame cells –Trematoda flukes flukes –Cestoda tapeworms tapeworms

Nematoda Examples: Ascaris, Hookworm, Trichinella and Pinworms Examples: Ascaris, Hookworm, Trichinella and Pinworms Bilateral symmetry Bilateral symmetry Roundworms Roundworms Free living and parasitic Free living and parasitic Pseudocoelomate Pseudocoelomate Mouth  Anus Mouth  Anus Separate sexes Separate sexes Cuticle Cuticle

Rotifera Free living Free living Transparent Transparent Pseudocoelomate Pseudocoelomate Mouth  Anus Mouth  Anus

Annelida Little rings Little rings Segmentation Segmentation Bilaterial symmetry Bilaterial symmetry Mouth  anus Mouth  anus Closed circulatory system Closed circulatory system hermaphrodites hermaphrodites Classes Classes –Oligochaeta earthworm earthworm –Polychaeta bristled worms bristled worms –Hirudinea leeches leeches

Earthworm Internal Anatomy

Mollusca Examples: Clam, snail, slug, octopus Examples: Clam, snail, slug, octopus Coelomates Coelomates Soft-bodied Soft-bodied Mantle cavity Mantle cavity Radula Radula Chromatophores Chromatophores Groups Groups –Gastropod –Bivalve –cephalopod

Arthropoda Bilateral coelomates Bilateral coelomates Jointed appendages Jointed appendages Exoskeleton – chitin Exoskeleton – chitin Compound eye Compound eye Molting Molting Groups Groups –Trilobita –Crustacea –Chelicerata –Uniramian

Echinodermata Marine invertebrate Marine invertebrate Sea star, sea urchin, brittle star, sea cucumber and sand dollar Sea star, sea urchin, brittle star, sea cucumber and sand dollar Pentaradial symmetry Pentaradial symmetry No cephalization No cephalization Water vascular system Water vascular system Tube feet Tube feet Cardiac and pyloric stomach Cardiac and pyloric stomach

Chordata Invertebrates and Vertebrates Invertebrates and Vertebrates Characteristics Characteristics –Notochord –Dorsal hollow nerve cord –Pharyngeal pouches –Post anal tail –These are present at some time in the developmental process

Vertebrate Classes Agnatha – Jawless fish Agnatha – Jawless fish Chondrichthyes – Cartilage and unique scales Chondrichthyes – Cartilage and unique scales Osteichthyes – bony fish Osteichthyes – bony fish Amphibia – double life (aquatic and land) Amphibia – double life (aquatic and land) Reptilia – egg layers Reptilia – egg layers Aves – wing Aves – wing Mammalia – hair and mammary gland Mammalia – hair and mammary gland

Evolution Vertebrates  550 million years Vertebrates  550 million years Origin of Jaws  440 million years Origin of Jaws  440 million years

The Fishes Jawless  Cartilage  Bony Jawless  Cartilage  Bony Life in Water Life in Water –Streamline body –Dense tail muscle –Gill  lung –Swim bladder Homeostasis Homeostasis –Kidney function Sensory Functions Sensory Functions –Lateral line system

Agnatha Jawless fish Jawless fish Lack paired fins Lack paired fins No plates or scales No plates or scales Cartilage Cartilage No swim bladder No swim bladder Lateral line Lateral line Ectothermic Ectothermic External fertilization External fertilization Two chambered heart Two chambered heart Gills Gills Hagfish and Lamprey Hagfish and Lamprey

Chondrichthyes Cartilage skeleton Cartilage skeleton Placoid scales Placoid scales Paired fins Paired fins No swim bladder No swim bladder Lateral line Lateral line Ectothermic Ectothermic Internal fertilization Internal fertilization Two chambered heart Two chambered heart Gills Gills Triangular teeth Triangular teeth Shark, Ray, Skate Shark, Ray, Skate

Osteichthyes Bony fish Bony fish Lateral line Lateral line Two chambered heart Two chambered heart Lung Lung swim bladder swim bladder Operculum with gills Operculum with gills Scales Scales Paired fins Paired fins Ectothermic Ectothermic External fertilization External fertilization Spawning Spawning Lobe and Ray fins Lobe and Ray fins

Amphibia Ectotherm Ectotherm Gills  lungs Gills  lungs vascular skin vascular skin –Respiration –protection Three chambered heart Three chambered heart –Separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood Bony skeleton Bony skeleton Digestive system Digestive system External fertilization External fertilization Metamorphosis Metamorphosis

Evolution 370 million years ago Evolution 370 million years ago Lobed fin moved over land Lobed fin moved over land Challenges Challenges –Water availability –Air temperature –New habitats –Climate shifts Homologous structures? Homologous structures?

Orders of Amphibians Orders of Amphibians –Urodela – salamander –Anura – frogs and toads –Apoda - caecilians

External Frog Anatomy

Internal Frog Anatomy

Reptilia Evolved from amphibians Evolved from amphibians –Greater modifications –Cortex region of brain –Three chambered heart w/ partial divided ventricle Water freedom Water freedom –Water tight skin –Copulatory organ –Kidney –Amniote egg

The Amniotic Egg The Amniotic Egg

Orders Orders –Crocodilia Crocodile Crocodile Alligator Alligator –Chelonia Turtles Turtles –Tuatara –Squamata Lizards and Snakes Lizards and Snakes

Aves Aves Evolved from reptiles Evolved from reptiles –Only 150 million years ago Horny beak, scaly leg, egg laying Horny beak, scaly leg, egg laying Feathers Feathers Wing Wing Low weight – high power Low weight – high power Hollow bones Hollow bones Four chambered heart Four chambered heart Endotherms Endotherms Migration Migration

Mammalia Origin from small, hairless reptile Origin from small, hairless reptile Traits Traits –Brain capacity –Milk secreting gland –Hair –Dentition for dietary habits –Four chambered heart –Diaphragm –Endotherm

Orders Orders –Monotremata Duckbilled platypus Duckbilled platypus Spiny anteater Spiny anteater –Marsupial Pouched animals Pouched animals Australia and New Zealand Australia and New Zealand –Placental Young nourished within uterus Young nourished within uterus placenta placenta