Narration and narratology
Intro Narratology: the study of narration and narrative techniques Narrator (narrative agent): central in prose fiction – in film and drama the situation is quite different Narrator should not be confused with the author
Basics AUTHOR READER / addressee.
Narrative situation The person of the narrator: – First person – Third person
Knowledge of the narrator Limited knowledge Omniscient neutral omniscience limited omniscience
Other categories Authority: – reliable vs. unreliable Intrusive vs. neutral
Medium Speech Thought Text Mixed, unclear or unspecified
Register and style Formal (calculated, careful etc.) Informal (spontaneous, colloquial)
Levels of Narration Diegetic Extradiegetic Hypodiegetic
Voice and perspective Voice – who speaks to us (whose voice we hear)? Perspective – whose perspective we take (Who do we sympathize with)?
Tone of narration What is the attitude of the narrator towards what is narrated? – satirical, – ironic, – understanding etc.
Narrative Distance Temporal Spatial Attitudinal (tone and style)
Narrative techniques and structures (examples) Frame narrative interior (internal) monologue Stream of consciousness technique
Anachrony analepsis (retrospection / flashback) prolepsis (anticipation / flashforward)
Duration of narration 1. Descriptive pausenarrative time = n, story time = 0 2. Scene - narrative time = story time 3. Summary - narrative time < story time 4. Ellipsis - narrative time = 0, story time = n
Elipsis Explicit ellipsis (e.g. ten years ago…) Implicit ellipsis
Frequency of narration