Documented & Organized by: Dr. Tahany Instructional Technology

WHAT EXACTLY IS INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY? Design, development, implementation, and management of instructional methods and resources to improve learning and teaching.

The Cone of Experience (1946) was the most important contribution of Edgar Dale in field of IT.. The divisions based on extreme two points: direct experience and pure abstraction

Supports communication process because it makes communication depending on not only just words but also visual and experiential ways.

Diversity of sensory experiences…. our experiences are not completely relied on visual or verbal symbols. Other concerns of our perception systems must be considered, such as direct experience, touching, sensing

The cone also fosters diversity in learning environment:

Dale’s Cone of Experience Verbal symbols Visual symbols Still pictures, Audio tools Motion pictures..Television Exhibits Field trips Demonstrations Dramatized experiences Contrived experiences Direct experiences Using Symbols.charts Observations only Active Participation

Actually, use of the Cone may lead to an enhancement of our subject matter presentation…. help us to choose the instructional materials that are most appropriate for the particular topic we wish to teach. Does the Cone of Experience overemphasize instructional devices (the media of communication) at the expense of subject matter (the message to be communicated)?

It is true that the older a person is, the more abstract his concepts are likely to be.,. Are the upper levels of the Cone for the older student and the lower ones for the child?.An older student does not live exclusively in the world of his abstract concepts The nature and complexity of concepts themselves A child does not live only through the impressions of his senses

Even the most advanced student, therefore, can deepen his understanding of concepts and his enjoyment of life by participating in experiences all along the Cone. … The Cone of Experience stands for activities that are available, in varying degrees, to learners in all age groups.

Young children use many simple abstractions-verbal symbols. Before entering school they have mastered the meanings of at least 2500 words, or verbal symbols, each one of which is an abstraction. The fact that something is an abstraction does not necessarily make it difficult to understand. Actually, there are wide variations in degree of difficulty. Does the Cone device mean that all teaching and learning must move systematically from base to pinnacle?

5% Lecture 10% What we read 15% What we see 20% What we see and hear.. Audio-visual 26% What we hear 30% What we see 30% Demonstration 40% What we discuss 50% See and hear 50% Discussion Group 70% Discuss with others.. Active Receiving and Participating. 70% Say 70% Say and Write 70% Say as they talk 75% Practice by Doing 80% Experience Personally 80% What we experience directly or practice doing 90% Say as they do a thing 90% Say and perform a task 95% of what we teach someone else We Remember:

Major factors for adapting and integrating IT into curriculum Access to technology Convenience in using technology Rewards and recognition for using technology

Sources : - Tony Betrus, Al Januszewski, SUNY Potsdam. - Principles of Teaching, Bloomsburg University,Spring Dale, E. (1946). The cone of experience. In Audio-visual methods in teaching. (pp ). New York: Dryden Press. In D. P. Ely & T. Plomp (Eds.), Classic Writings on Instructional Technology (Vol. 1, pp. 169 – 180). Englewood: Libraries Unlimited, Inc. -Dale, E. (1953).What does it mean to communicate? AV Communication Review, 1(1), 3 – 5. Retrieved from From Dale, 1969, p. 132

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